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101.
Sylvia Becerra Mehdi Saqalli Fabrice Gangneron Amadou Hamath Dia 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1253-1265
Since the 1970s, precipitation in the Sahel has decreased and become very irregular, leading to widespread drought, whilst the human need for water has rapidly increased. A new “dispositions”-based approach was adapted in order to analyse human interactions with environmental hazards and applied to the case of Hombori village in north-eastern Mali. This article explores how the population and political stakeholders perceive, live with and respond to the increasing scarcity of water. It also explores how their current vulnerability and ability to cope with variations in available water resources indicate future adaptability to climate shocks. On the one hand, this research shows how the population copes with variations in water resource availability: the population’s socio-spatial organisation explains the inhabitants’ exposure to this problem and some of the factors affecting vulnerability, the elderly and women being the hardest hit. The water issue is generally managed on a “day-to-day” basis and considered a big problem only in the dry season, thus lowering any incentive for self-protection. The main two variables that could explain this kind of risk management are the conflicting local governance and current social rules. On the other hand, the discussion of results, based on a conceptual model of social responses, explains why these current “social dispositions” to cope with and even address the water scarcity issue do not guarantee future adaptability to climate change. 相似文献
102.
Sylvia Szabo Eduardo Brondizio Fabrice G. Renaud Scott Hetrick Robert J. Nicholls Zoe Matthews Zachary Tessler Alejandro Tejedor Zita Sebesvari Efi Foufoula-Georgiou Sandra da Costa John A. Dearing 《Sustainability Science》2016,11(4):539-554
Tropical delta regions are at risk of multiple threats including relative sea level rise and human alterations, making them more and more vulnerable to extreme floods, storms, surges, salinity intrusion, and other hazards which could also increase in magnitude and frequency with a changing climate. Given the environmental vulnerability of tropical deltas, understanding the interlinkages between population dynamics and environmental change in these regions is crucial for ensuring efficient policy planning and progress toward social and ecological sustainability. Here, we provide an overview of population trends and dynamics in the Ganges–Brahmaputra, Mekong and Amazon deltas. Using multiple data sources, including census data and Demographic and Health Surveys, a discussion regarding the components of population change is undertaken in the context of environmental factors affecting the demographic landscape of the three delta regions. We find that the demographic trends in all cases are broadly reflective of national trends, although important differences exist within and across the study areas. Moreover, all three delta regions have been experiencing shifts in population structures resulting in aging populations, the latter being most rapid in the Mekong delta. The environmental impacts on the different components of population change are important, and more extensive research is required to effectively quantify the underlying relationships. The paper concludes by discussing selected policy implications in the context of sustainable development of delta regions and beyond. 相似文献
103.
Bodin J Porel G Delay F Ubertosi F Bernard S de Dreuzy JR 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2007,89(1-2):1-28
The Time Domain Random Walk (TDRW) method has been recently developed by Delay and Bodin [Delay, F. and Bodin, J., 2001. Time domain random walk method to simulate transport by advection-dispersion and matrix diffusion in fracture networks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(21): 4051-4054.] and Bodin et al. [Bodin, J., Porel, G. and Delay, F., 2003c. Simulation of solute transport in discrete fracture networks using the time domain random walk method. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 6566: 1-8.] for simulating solute transport in discrete fracture networks. It is assumed that the fracture network can reasonably be represented by a network of interconnected one-dimensional pipes (i.e. flow channels). Processes accounted for are: (1) advection and hydrodynamic dispersion in the channels, (2) matrix diffusion, (3) diffusion into stagnant zones within the fracture planes, (4) sorption reactions onto the fracture walls and in the matrix, (5) linear decay, and (6) mass sharing at fracture intersections. The TDRW method is handy and very efficient in terms of computation costs since it allows for the one-step calculation of the particle residence time in each bond of the network. This method has been programmed in C++, and efforts have been made to develop an efficient and user-friendly software, called SOLFRAC. This program is freely downloadable at the URL (labo.univ-poitiers.fr/hydrasa/intranet/telechargement.htm). It calculates solute transport into 2D pipe networks, while considering different types of injections and different concepts of local dispersion within each flow channel. Post-simulation analyses are also available, such as the mean velocity or the macroscopic dispersion at the scale of the entire network. The program may be used to evaluate how a given transport mechanism influences the macroscopic transport behaviour of fracture networks. It may also be used, as is the case, e.g., with analytical solutions, to interpret laboratory or field tracer test experiments performed in single fractures. 相似文献
104.
Environment Systems and Decisions - 相似文献
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There are many industrial sites where open aggregate conical piles exist to store granular materials, like coal, industrial
residuals, or other minerals. Usually these storage piles are placed in open areas, making them susceptible to wind erosion,
which can create health, environmental, and/or economical concerns. It is common to minimize the dust emission through the
placement of windbreaks in the vicinity of the storage piles, which reduces the wind speed in the vicinity of the pile’s surface.
In this work, some experimental results from a wind tunnel study on the erosion of a conical sand pile, exposed or protected
by a fence with porosities of 0, 70, and 83%, are shown. For the sheltered cases, the windbreak was placed at several distances
from the pile’s leading edge, ranging from H to 4H, where H is the initial height of the non-eroded pile. The evolution of the shape of the sand pile is shown, at different instances
in time, and the pile deformation quantified, using a novel experimental setup developed for wind erosion studies. This information
might be regarded as a useful dataset for the benchmark of computational models aiming to produce the transient simulation
of the aeolian erosion of stockpiles. The CFD results are comprised of the modeling of several experimental scenarios. The
computational results for the surface wind velocity show a good correlation with the initial deformation of the pile. Based
on the results, the isocontours of (u
s
/u
r
) presented might be regarded as a good basis for the estimation of the pile shear velocity. 相似文献
110.
Fabrice Helfenstein Murielle Podevin Heinz Richner 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(4):557-565
Sperm competition exerts strong selection on males to produce spermatozoa with an optimal morphology that maximizes their
fertilization success. Long sperm were first suggested to be favored because they should swim faster. However, studies that
investigated the relationship between sperm length and sperm competitive ability or sperm swimming velocity yielded contradictory
results. More recently, ratios of the different sections of a spermatozoon (the head, midpiece, and flagellum) were suggested
to be more crucial in determining swimming velocity. Additionally, sperm ability to remain and survive in the female storage
organs may also influence fertilization success, so that optimal sperm morphology may rather maximize sperm longevity than
velocity. In this study, we investigated how sperm morphology is related to sperm velocity and sperm longevity in the house
sparrow Passer domesticus. Sperm velocity was found to be correlated with head/flagellum ratio. Sperm with small heads relative to their flagellum showed
higher swimming velocity. Additionally, shorter sperm were found to live longer. Finally, we found sperm morphological traits
to vary substantially within males and the head/flagellum ratio to be unrelated to total sperm length. We discuss the hypothesis
that the substantial within-male variation in sperm morphology reflects a male strategy to produce a diversity of sperm from
long, fast-swimming to short, long-living sperm to maximize their fertilization success in a context of sperm competition. 相似文献