Efficient photoelectrochemical oxidation of rhodamine B on metal electrodes without photocatalyst or supporting electrolyte

We designed photoelectrochemical cells to achieve efficient oxidation of rhodamine B (RhB) without the need for photocatalyst or supporting electrolyte. RhB, the metal anode/cathode, and O₂ formed an energy-relay structure, enabling the efficient formation of O ₂ ^– species under ultraviolet illumination. In a single-compartment cell (S cell) containing a titanium (Ti) anode, Ti cathode, and 10 mg·mL^–1 RhB in water, the zero-order rate constant of the photoelectrochemical oxidation (k_PEC) of RhB was 0.049 mg·L^–1·min^–1, while those of the photochemical and electrochemical oxidations of RhB were nearly zero. k_PEC remained almost the same when 0.5 mol·L^–1 Na₂SO₄ was included in the reactive solution, regardless of the increase in the photocurrent of the S cell. The k_PEC of the illuminated anode compartment in the two-compartment cell, including a Ti anode, Ti cathode, and 10 mg·mL^–1 RhB in water, was higher than that of the S cell. These results support a simple, eco-friendly, and energysaving method to realize the efficient degradation of RhB.

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考虑偏应力比影响的主应力轴旋转下重塑黄土变形研究

采用浙江大学空心圆柱扭剪仪对重塑黄土试样进行了3种复杂应力路径下的试验,研究了主应力轴旋转条件下偏应力比η对重塑黄土变形特性的影响。试验结果表明,不同偏应力比下重塑黄土的强度差异较大,η=0.133时归一化强度最小,而η=0.433时强度最大,偏应力比η从0.133到0.5时归一化强度呈现增大—减小—增大—减小的规律。主应力轴旋转对重塑黄土的各应变增量均有影响,并且对中间主应变增量的影响最大,其中大主应变和小主应变在ε-q平面内对称开展,且总体表现出Δεz0,Δεθ0的趋势,中间主应变整体呈现Δεr0的发展趋势,当应力主轴旋转目标角度α45°时,中间主应变呈现出不同的开展形式,重塑黄土在应力主轴旋转下向异性较为显著。     

Inverse uncertainty characteristics of pollution source identification for river chemical spill incidents by stochastic analysis

Identifying source information after river chemical spill occurrences is critical for emergency responses. However, the inverse uncertainty characteristics of this kind of pollution source inversion problem have not yet been clearly elucidated. To fill this gap, stochastic analysis approaches, including a regional sensitivity analysis method, identifiability plot and perturbation methods, were employed to conduct an empirical investigation on generic inverse uncertainty characteristics under a well-accepted uncertainty analysis framework. Case studies based on field tracer experiments and synthetic numerical tracer experiments revealed several new rules. For example, the release load can be most easily inverted, and the source location is responsible for the largest uncertainty among the source parameters. The diffusion and convection processes are more sensitive than the dilution and pollutant attenuation processes to the optimization of objective functions in terms of structural uncertainty. The differences among the different objective functions are smaller for instantaneous release than for continuous release cases. Small monitoring errors affect the inversion results only slightly, which can be ignored in practice. Interestingly, the estimated values of the release location and time negatively deviate from the real values, and the extent is positively correlated with the relative size of the mixing zone to the objective river reach. These new findings improve decision making in emergency responses to sudden water pollution and guide the monitoring network design.

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Algal biomass derived biochar anode for efficient extracellular electron uptake from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella oneidensis</Emphasis> MR-1

The development of cost-effective and highly efficient anode materials for extracellular electron uptake is important to improve the electricity generation of bioelectrochemical systems. An effective approach to mitigate harmful algal bloom (HAB) is mechanical harvesting of algal biomass, thus subsequent processing for the collected algal biomass is desired. In this study, a low-cost biochar derived from algal biomass via pyrolysis was utilized as an anode material for efficient electron uptake. Electrochemical properties of the algal biochar and graphite plate electrodes were characterized in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). Compared with graphite plate electrode, the algal biochar electrode could effectively utilize both indirect and direct electron transfer pathways for current production, and showed stronger electrochemical response and better adsorption of redox mediators. The maximum current density of algal biochar anode was about 4.1 times higher than graphite plate anode in BES. This work provides an application potential for collected HAB to develop a cost-effective anode material for efficient extracellular electron uptake in BES and to achieve waste resource utilization.

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平缓反倾红层边坡变形破坏机制研究

以赤水市旺隆边坡为工程实例,依据野外调查和地质分析成果建立平缓反倾红层边坡概念模型,并结合离散元数值模拟研究贵州平缓反倾红层边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明:旺隆边坡是砂泥岩不等厚互层的典型平缓反倾红层边坡,差异风化和降雨是主要的诱发因素。边坡的变形演化过程经历4个阶段:卸荷回弹、浅表生改造局部变形、裂隙扩展延伸、裂隙贯通深部蠕滑。变形破坏机制根据不同变形阶段划分为3种不同形式:压缩—拉裂—倾倒、风化剥落—坠落、蠕滑—压致拉裂。     

人工湿地小试系统藻类去除效果的变化研究

夏季在水力负荷为800mm/d间歇式进水条件下,研究了人工湿地不同工艺流程的8套小试系统SSP（system of small plot）内部水流方向上藻类去除率的变化。结果表明：人工湿地小试系统中,藻类生物量沿水流方向逐渐减少,除藻率在出水处均达到最大值。藻类的去除主要发生在湿地水流方向的前几层,而系统其他层对藻类只有微弱的去除效果。由下行池与上行池构成的湿地系统中,去藻是上、下行池共同作用的结果。在有推流床或塘处理系统参与的湿地系统中,它们对藻类的去除均有一定的作用。去藻作用主要是基质的拦截,不同的水流方向、植物和微生物也起到了一定作用。湿地对藻类的去除率在夏季一般都能达到90%以上,证明人工湿地是一种有效的除藻生态-生物方法,对除藻要求比较高水体的湿地构建及工艺流程的设计、组合具有重要意义。     

间距对上保护层开采保护效果影响的相似模拟实验研究

为研究上保护层开采保护效果随层间距的变化规律,以南桐矿区作为实验背景,保持保护层倾向工作面开挖长度、煤层埋深、倾角、岩层物理力学性质相同,将层间多层岩层处理为复合岩层,分别进行近距离、远距离和超远距离上保护层开采相似模拟实验。综合分析被保护层卸压规律及基于被保护层垂直于层面的膨胀变形保护准则所得保护范围可知:上保护层开采被保护层卸压曲线呈“凸形”,且“凸形”中心线偏向下山方向。随层间距增加,“凸形”底部被保护层小于原岩应力的卸压范围与“凸形”顶部卸压曲线顶部较大卸压的范围均呈减小趋势;两者中心位置均向下山方向转移,且后者转移度大于前者;被保护层卸压曲线中卸压范围的卸压程度及应力集中范围的应力集中程度均呈减弱趋势;以垂直层面的膨胀变形量3‰确定的上下边界膨胀变形保护角均小于《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》中相应条件的卸压角,因此以该方法确定的保护范围相对《防治煤与瓦斯突出规定》偏于安全,且随层间距增加保护范围长度呈加速减小趋势。     

两种铁基材料对污染农田土壤砷、铅、镉的钝化修复

制备得到了铁钙（FeCa）和铁锰（FMBO）两种铁基材料,用于钝化修复As、Pb和Cd污染土壤.研究采集了来自绍兴上虞（SY）、广东佛山（FS）、广东韶关（SG）、湖南浏阳（LY）、江西赣州（GZ）、贵州独山（DS）和安徽马鞍山（MAS）的7种重金属污染水稻土（潮泥土）,通过土壤培养试验,研究铁钙材料（FeCa）和铁锰材料（FMBO）对各类土壤溶液中As、Pb和Cd浓度动态变化的影响,对土壤中有效态As、Pb和Cd钝化效果的影响,以及在不同种类土壤中有效态As、Pb和Cd钝化效果差异及影响因素.结果表明,培养过程中,铁基材料处理下土壤溶液中As、Pb和Cd浓度均低于对照处理.研究发现,两铁基材料均能对土壤中As、Pb和Cd起到较好的钝化作用,相同添加量下,铁钙材料对土壤As的钝化效率优于铁锰材料,而材料之间对土壤Pb和Cd钝化效率无显著差异.铁钙材料处理下各种土壤As钝化效果表现为GZ > SG > DS和MAS,土壤铅钝化效果表现为FS>SY、LY和SG>MAS,土壤镉钝化效果表现为SY、GZ和DS>MAS;铁锰材料处理下各种土壤As钝化效果表现为SY、LY和GZ > DS > FS,土壤Pb钝化效果表现为FS > GZ > SY,土壤Cd钝化效果表现为DS > LY > MAS.各种土壤As钝化效率在两铁基材料处理下均与土壤黏土含量呈显著负相关,各种土壤Pb钝化效率在两铁基材料处理下均与土壤pH呈显著正相关,各种土壤Cd钝化效率在铁钙材料处理下与土壤黏土含量显著负相关.总体来看,两铁基材料均适用于各不同种类As、Pb和Cd污染土壤的治理.     

建立我国海滩质量标准分级体系的探讨

在参考国内外主要海滩质量标准评价体系的基础上,论文根据我国海滩的具体状况,提出适合我国国情的海滩质量标准体系。标准体系包括自然和社会经济两类共54个因子,对不同开发程度的海滩实行不同的评分标准,最终将海滩分为钻石、金、银、铜及不及格5个等级。论文对山东和福建共6个不同开发程度(开发成熟,低度开发/未开发)的海滩进行了试点应用,结果表明,厦门黄厝得分最高,霞浦大京得分最低。同时解释所提出标准的适用性,并对海滩资源可持续开发利用提出管理对策。     

疏浚对梅粱湾表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及其生物毒性的影响

选择太湖梅梁湾未疏浚、疏浚后1周和疏浚后半年的表层沉积物为研究对象,测定其中重金属的含量及其不同赋存形态所占比例,开展沉积物间隙水中重金属毒性试验,据此探讨疏浚对沉积物中重金属含量及其赋存形态所占比例和生物毒性的影响. 结果表明:太湖梅梁湾调查区未疏浚沉积物重金属含量明显高于疏浚区,重金属的生物毒性占沉积物综合毒性的25%～35%. 疏浚后1周沉积物重金属含量急剧降低32%～51%,但对重金属生物毒性影响较大的吸附态及碳酸盐结合态重金属比例由未疏浚时的未检出或含量极低增加到40%～83%,生物毒性相应增加17%～38%;疏浚后半年,沉积物中重金属的总量略有回升,吸附态及碳酸盐结合态重金属比例下降,生物毒性下降并低于未疏浚时水平.