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R. Cervo Francesca R. Dani Stefano Turillazzi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,39(5):311-316
The capacity to recognise a conspecific intruder was investigated in Parischnogaster jacobsoni, Liostenogaster flavolineata and L. vechti, three species of primitively social wasps of the subfamily Stenogastrinae. Results of behavioural experiments carried out
in the field showed that females of all three species react pacifically if presented with female nestmates, but aggressively
reject an intruder from a conspecific colony. As L. flavolineata and L. vechti both build large clusters of nests, often very close to each other, the recognition capacity among females from different
nests, but in the same conspecific cluster, was also investigated. Females of both species were more aggressive towards females
from a different colony in the same cluster than towards their female nestmates. Additional experiments on L. flavolineata showed that there was no difference in reaction towards females from colonies nearer or further from the tested colony but
within the same cluster, nor towards females from a different cluster. The capacity to recognise an alien conspecific nest
containing immature brood was investigated in P. jacobsoni. Adult females of this species, invited to land on an alien nest which had experimentally been exchanged for their own, accepted
the new nest and partially destroyed the immature brood. The behaviour of the females when they land on an alien nest, however,
suggests that they do recognise the nest as foreign. Acceptance of foreign nests coupled with low immature brood destruction
is probably due to the high energetic costs of egg-deposition and larval rearing in stenogastrine wasps.
These results suggest that nestmate recognition in these wasps is very efficient, even though they belong to the most primitive
subfamily of social wasps.
Received: 16 April 1996/Accepted after revision: 9 August 1996 相似文献
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The changing state of contamination in the Lagoon of Venice. Part 1: organic pollutants 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The Lagoon of Venice is a transitional environment suffering from industrial, urban and agricultural impact. Recently the mechanical clam fishing, preventing a regular deposition of sediments has made sampling of cores suitable for radiodating very problematic. Therefore, in this study, in order to assess temporal and spatial trends of contamination, the same sampling scheme was repeated three times over a 12-year period. The concentrations of PCBs, PAHs and organochlorine pesticides were measured in the uppermost 5 cm of sediments collected in 25 sites in the central portion of the lagoon during three campaigns conducted in 1987, 1993 and 1998. Analytical results, validated statistically, indicated that, while PCB and pesticide concentrations tend to decrease during the considered period of time, PAH do not, showing that the input rate of these compounds to the lagoon environment is still important. A spatial trend of pollution was also found in the lagoon for PCBs and pesticides, which decrease from the sources, namely the industrial zone and the mouths of rivers, to areas closer to the sea: a reduction up to 80% and 90%, respectively, was monitored. PAH contamination, originating chiefly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, as inferred from ratios of congeners, was mainly located around the historical center of Venice, where most of the boat traffic is concentrated and has an increasing trend. 相似文献
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Francesca Pilotto Jonathan D. Tonkin Kathrin Januschke Armin W. Lorenz Jonas Jourdan Andrea Sundermann Daniel Hering Stefan Stoll Peter Haase 《Conservation biology》2019,33(1):132-141
Although experiences with ecological restoration continue to accumulate, the effectiveness of restoration for biota remains debated. We complemented a traditional taxonomic analysis approach with information on 56 species traits to uncover the responses of 3 aquatic (fish, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes) and 2 terrestrial (carabid beetles, floodplain vegetation) biotic groups to 43 hydromorphological river restoration projects in Germany. All taxonomic groups responded positively to restoration, as shown by increased taxonomic richness (10–164%) and trait diversity (habitat, dispersal and mobility, size, form, life history, and feeding groups) (15–120%). Responses, however, were stronger for terrestrial than aquatic biota, and, contrary to our expectation, taxonomic responses were stronger than those of traits. Nevertheless, trait analysis provided mechanistic insights into the drivers of community change following restoration. Trait analysis for terrestrial biota indicated restoration success was likely enhanced by lateral connectivity and reestablishment of dynamic processes in the floodplain. The weaker response of aquatic biota suggests recovery was hindered by the persistence of stressors in the aquatic environment, such as degraded water quality, dispersal constraints, and insufficient hydromorphological change. Therefore, river restoration requires combined local- and regional-scale approaches to maximize the response of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Due to the contrasting responses of aquatic and terrestrial biota, the planning and assessment of river restoration outcomes should consider effects on both components of riverine landscapes. 相似文献
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Francesca Rossi 《Marine Biology》2007,150(6):1073-1081
In intertidal sediments, burial and decomposition of macroalgal detritus can fuel the sediment of carbon (C) and nitrogen
(N), which can be either promptly mineralised or assimilated to enter the food web. This study investigates the transfer of
algal-derived C and N to the sediment and to the infauna feeding primarily on benthic diatoms. Thalli of Ulva spp. were 13C- and 15N-labelled in the mesocosm and frozen to create detritus. Thawed macroalgae were, then, buried in the sediment of an intertidal
sand-flat forming a mosaic of small patches (50 × 50 cm2) enriched with the macroalgae interspersed with bare sediment. The area was dominated by Corophium volutator and Hydrobia ulvae. The uptake of 13C and 15N was measured in the residual macroalgae, in the sediment and in those animals. Decomposition of detritus was rapid and after
4 weeks the residual biomass was 3% the amount added. Algal-derived 13C and 15N were moved to the sediment. The total amount of 13C and 15N retained in the sediment after completing the decomposition was 3.4 ± 0.5% 13C and 2.7 ± 0.6% 15N the amount decomposed. During the first 2 weeks more N than C was assimilated (1.7% 13C and 13.5% 15N). During the remaining two weeks, N was released from the sediment, while there was little accumulation of C (+6.4 ± 2.0
% 13C and −7.7 ± 3.8% 15N). At the end of the decomposition, animals were 15N- and 13C-labelled. Considering the total accumulation of label in the sediment, they accounted for 3.5 ± 1.8% 13C and 25.8 ± 12.9 % 15N. Similarly, considering the mass of the heavy isotopes gained (13C) or lost (15N) during the remaining 2 weeks, the animals accounted for 4.7 ± 2.1% of the 13C in excess and for 18.6 ± 9.1% of the 15N loss. The transfer of C and N to the sediment and to the surface deposit-feeders can be a relevant mechanism to remove the
excess of detritus from the sediment. 相似文献
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Duccio Lambardi Francesca R. Dani Stefano Turillazzi Jacobus J. Boomsma 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(6):843-851
Some social parasites of insect societies are known to use brute force when usurping a host colony, but most use more subtle
forms of chemical cheating either by expressing as few recognition cues as possible to avoid being recognized or by producing
similar recognition cues to the host to achieve positive discrimination. The former “chemical insignificance” strategy represents
a more general adaptive syndrome than the latter “chemical mimicry” strategy and is expected to be characteristic of early
evolutionary stages of social parasitism. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally analyzing the efficiency by which Acromyrmex echinatior leaf-cutting ants recognize intruding workers of the incipient social parasite Acromyrmex insinuator. The results were consistent with the parasite being “chemically insignificant” and not with the “chemical mimicry” hypothesis.
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles showed that social parasite workers produce
significantly fewer hydrocarbons overall and that their typical profiles have very low amounts of hydrocarbons in the “normal”
C29–C35 range but large quantities of unusually heavy C43–C45 hydrocarbons. This suggests that the C29–C35 hydrocarbons are
instrumental in normal host nestmate recognition and that the C43–C45 compounds, all of which are dienes and thus more fluid
than the corresponding saturated compounds, may reinforce “chemical insignificance” by blurring any remaining variation in
recognition cues. 相似文献