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141.
Michel Schalk Marie-Agnès Pierrel Alfred Zimmerlin Yannick Batard Francis Durst Danièle Werck-Reichhart 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1997,4(4):229-234
The ability of a plant cytochrome P450 to bind and metabolise plant endogenous molecules and xenobiotics was investigated.
The work was performed on the yeast-expressed CYP73A1, a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase isolated fromHelianthus tuberosus. CYP73 controls the general phenylpropanoid pathway and is likely to be one of the most abundant sources of P450 in the biosphere.
The enzyme shows a high selectivity toward plant secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, it oxygenates several small and planar
xenobiotics with low efficiency, including an herbicide (chlorotoluron). One xenobiotic molecule, 2naphthoic acid, is hydroxylated
with an efficiency comparable to that of the physiological substrate. This reaction was used to devise a fluorimetric test
for the rapid measurement of enzyme activity. A series of herbicidal molecules (hydroxybenzonitriles) are shown to bind the
active site without being metabolised. These molecules behave as strong competitive inhibitors of CYP73 with a Ki in the same micromolar range as the Km for the physiological substrate. It is proposed that their inhibition of the phenylpropanoid pathway reinforces their other
phytotoxic effects at the level of the chloroplasts. All our results indicate a strong reciprocal interaction between plant
P450s and xenobiotics. 相似文献
142.
143.
Vincent Sennes Jacques Breillat Francis Ribeyre Sandrine Gombert 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(5):1031-1049
Since Rio, governments have increased measures to promote sustainable household consumption, but this has induced limited
changes in consumers’ daily practices. This article argues that one of the reasons behind the poor efficiency of these policies
is the low level of consideration granted to local decision-making. The article discusses the results of a study which aims
at better ascertaining the practices and representations of local government leaders in promoting sustainable development
in households. We shall analyse the motivations, obstacles, interaction of players, communication and action plans associated
with promoting sustainable development, in which individual will and effort are the keywords. The results obtained show how
important it is to introduce better management systems for information and resource exchange between the different institutions
involved. The study was carried out in a suburban area of south-west France counting 71 small towns and villages, characteristic
of the spatial dynamics triggered by the global phenomenon of urbanisation. 相似文献
144.
145.
146.
Janna L. Shymko Annemieke Farenhorst Francis Zvomuya 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):301-312
The herbicide 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] is a widely used broadleaf control agent in cereal production systems. Although 2,4-D soil-residual activity (half-lives) are typicaly less than 10 days, this herbicide also has as a short-term leaching potential due to its relatively weak retention by soil constituents. Herbicide residual effects and leaching are influenced by environmental variables such as soil moisture and temperature. The objective of this study was to determine impacts of these environmental variables on the magnitude and extent of 2,4-D mineralization in a cultivated undulating Manitoba prairie landscape. Microcosm incubation experiments were utilized to assess 2,4-D half-lives and total mineralization using a 4 × 4 × 3 × 2 factorial design (with soil temperature at 4 levels: 5, 10, 20 and 40°C; soil moisture at 4 levels: 60, 85, 110, 135 % of field capacity; slope position at 3 levels: upper-, mid- and lower-slopes; and soil depth at 2 levels: 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm). Half-lives (t1/2) varied from 3 days to 51 days with the total 2,4-D mineralization (M T ) ranging from 5.8 to 50.9 %. The four-way interaction (temperature × moisture × slope × depth) significantly (p< 0.001) influenced both t1/2 and M T. Second-order polynomial equations best described the relations of temperature with t1/2 and MT as was expected from a biological system. However, the interaction and variability of t1/2 and MT among different temperatures, soil moistures, slope positions, and soil depth combinations indicates that the complex nature of these interacting factors should be considered when applying 2,4-D in agricultural fields and in utilizing these parameters in pesticide fate models. 相似文献
147.
B. Magnus Francis 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):303-317
Abstract The teratogenicity of the diphenyl ether herbicide bifenox [2,4‐dichlorophenyl 3'‐carboxymethyl‐4'‐nitrophenyl ether] was compared to that of nitrofen [2,4‐dichlorophenyl 4'‐nitrophenyl ether] in rats and in mice. Neither compound increased prenatal mortality in mice. Because nitrofen causes both malformations that are compatible with survival to weaning and a high incidence of perinatal (but not of fetal) mortality, emphasis was placed on postnatal parameters of bifenox toxicity. In rats, bifenox caused a low incidence of “bloody tears”;, but it did not decrease survival to term or to weaning in rats or mice, and did not reduce Harderian gland weight in mice. Because the weight of the Harderian glands is a more objective measure of their status than is the presence of an eye discharge, it is concluded that bifenox is not teratogenic at the levels administered. Nitrofen decreased litter size, pup weight, and Harderian gland weight in mice. 相似文献
148.
Nasri S. Kawar Francis A. Gunther William F. Serat Yutaka Iwata 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):401-415
Abstract Several types of fabrics were laboratory‐tested for their effectiveness in worker protection to pesticide‐laden dust encountered in the agricultural environment. Of the applied <100 mesh dust, penetrations through knitted jersey and woven fabrics were greater than 87% and less than 5.8%, respectively. Treatment of woven fabrics with fluorocarbon polymers curtailed penetration by greater than 60%. Nonwoven fabrics allowed less than 0.5% dust penetration. Parathion mixed with 100‐mesh sieved dust resulted in increasing “ppm”; levels with decreasing particle size; extent of parathion conversion to paraoxon was independent of particle size for the sandy loam dust used. 相似文献
149.
E. E. Uthe F. L. Ludwig Francis Pooler Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):889-893
Mobile lidar observations were made downwind of TVA’s Cumberland (Tennessee) power plant as part of the STATE (Sulfur Transport and Transformation in the Environment) program. Vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter have been processed and displayed to show plume structure as an intensity-modulated TV presentation. Available meteorological data, especially the pilot balloon and radiosonde measurements collected during the STATE experiment, have been used to aid in the interpretation of the lidar display. The data show: ? Well defined nighttime plumes, which often tilt or display a layered structure in the shape of a “>”. ? Late morning convective breakup of the plume. ? Well mixed convective plumes during the day. ? Reformation of the layered nighttime plume during the late afternoon. It appears that the nighttime plume behavior can be related qualitatively to the strong directional shear of the wind with height that often accompanies the stable nighttime atmosphere. The nighttime plume shapes frequently differ markedly from the oval shape one expects of a gaussian plume. Daytime plumes are in better conformance to the expected shape except when constricted by the surface or the top of the mixing layer 相似文献
150.
The classical approach of assessing sustainability with respect to its three underlying pillars, ecological, economic, and social, is adopted in this paper, with an added emphasis on estimating the simultaneous effects of each pillar on the other two. The paper assesses the impact of policy-driven changes in cultivation practices in five districts in the south-western Indian state of Karnataka. A comparative statics analysis using a simultaneous equations model is developed to capture the stability of each pillar into the future and their concurrent interactive impacts and trade-offs. Ecological and economic impacts of policies favoring organic farming are estimated to be uniformly significant and positive in the study districts. However, the impact on socio-cultural criteria is subjective to the eco-regional context. Cost savings, through producing organic inputs on-farm, maximizes synchrony among the three pillars vis-à-vis sourcing these inputs from the market. With more reliance on organic inputs, better prospects are estimated for small and rain-fed farms compared to large and irrigated farms. 相似文献