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131.
132.
Fritz Paneth Richard Lorenz E. Frank E. Wepfer Othenio Abel 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1925,13(16):341-345
133.
134.
135.
Laser welding is used for joining advanced high strength steels (AHSS) to improve formability and performance. In this paper, the geometric variability observed in the fusion zones and heat affected zones of several combinations of AHSS (different types, coatings and thicknesses), which were butt welded using a Trumpf TRUDISK 6000® Yb:YAG laser beam, is presented. The surface texture parameters such as roughness and waviness of laser welds were also measured and correlated with geometric variability. Results indicate that although high quality welds with minimal defects can be obtained using the Yb:YAG laser welding process, there is considerable variation in both the shape and the dimensions of weld zones. The variability increased with an increase in thickness differentials between the sheets being welded. Analysis of the top of the weld surfaces also suggested that aluminum coating on USIBOR samples contributes significantly to increased roughness. An increase in laser power coupled with corresponding increase in welding speed did not impact variability. A fair correlation between the surface roughness and weld region variability exists, although this needs further study. 相似文献
136.
We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area differentiated (100 m × 100 m) approach.REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil.For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO 3 -N/L,effective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015.The effects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015.The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the effects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate.From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures.Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin. 相似文献
137.
We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at
the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area di erentiated (100 m 100 m) approach. REGFLUD combines the
agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the
nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU)
groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, e ective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented
to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The e ects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by
a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the e ects
of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs
for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of
measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union
in the Weser basin. 相似文献
138.
Here, we review Charles Darwin’s relation to beetles and developments in coleopteran systematics in the last two centuries.
Darwin was an enthusiastic beetle collector. He used beetles to illustrate different evolutionary phenomena in his major works,
and astonishingly, an entire sub-chapter is dedicated to beetles in “The Descent of Man”. During his voyage on the Beagle,
Darwin was impressed by the high diversity of beetles in the tropics, and he remarked that, to his surprise, the majority
of species were small and inconspicuous. However, despite his obvious interest in the group, he did not get involved in beetle
taxonomy, and his theoretical work had little immediate impact on beetle classification. The development of taxonomy and classification
in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth century was mainly characterised by the exploration of new character systems
(e.g. larval features and wing venation). In the mid-twentieth century, Hennig’s new methodology to group lineages by derived
characters revolutionised systematics of Coleoptera and other organisms. As envisioned by Darwin and Ernst Haeckel, the new
Hennigian approach enabled systematists to establish classifications truly reflecting evolution. Roy A. Crowson and Howard
E. Hinton, who both made tremendous contributions to coleopterology, had an ambivalent attitude towards the Hennigian ideas.
The Mickoleit school combined detailed anatomical work with a classical Hennigian character evaluation, with stepwise tree
building, comparatively few characters and a priori polarity assessment without explicit use of the outgroup comparison method.
The rise of cladistic methods in the 1970s had a strong impact on beetle systematics. Cladistic computer programs facilitated
parsimony analyses of large data matrices, mostly morphological characters not requiring detailed anatomical investigations.
Molecular studies on beetle phylogeny started in the 1990s with modest taxon sampling and limited DNA data. This has changed
dramatically. With very large data sets and high throughput sampling, phylogenetic questions can be addressed without prior
knowledge of morphological characters. Nevertheless, molecular studies have not lead to the great breakthrough in beetle systematics—yet.
Especially the phylogeny of the extremely species rich suborder Polyphaga remains incompletely resolved. Coordinated efforts
of molecular workers and of morphologists using innovative techniques may lead to more profound insights in the near future.
The final aim is to develop a well-founded phylogeny, which truly reflects the evolution of this immensely species rich group
of organisms. 相似文献
139.
Laura Rodríguez-Loeches Alejandro Barro Martha Pérez Frank Coro 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(4):531-536
Both sexes of Phoenicoprocta capistrata have functional tymbals. The scanning electron microscopy revealed differences in the morphology of these organs in males
and females. Male tymbals have a well-developed striated band, constituted by 21 ± 2 regularly arranged striae whereas female
tymbals lack a striated band. This type of sexual dimorphism is rare in Arctiidae. The recording of the sound produced by
moths held by the wings revealed that while males produced trains of pulses organized in modulation cycles, females produced
clicks at low repetition rate following very irregular patterns. Statistically, there are differences between sexes in terms
of the duration of pulses, which were 355 ± 24 μs in the case of males and 289 ± 29 μs for females. The spectral characteristics
of the pulses also show sexual dimorphism. Male pulses are more tuned (Q
10 = 5.2 ± 0.5) than female pulses (Q
10 = 2.7 ± 0.5) and have a higher best frequency (42 ± 1 kHz vs. 29 ± 2 kHz). To our knowledge, this is the first report on
an arctiid moth showing sexual dimorphism in tymbal’s anatomy that leads to a best frequency dimorphism. Males produce sound
at mating attempts. The sounds recorded during mating are modulation cycles with the same spectral characteristics as those
recorded when males are held by the wings. The morphological and acoustic features of female tymbals could indicate a process
of degeneration and adaptation to conditions under which the emission of complex patterns is not necessary.
Frank Coro no longer works at Universidad de La Habana. 相似文献
140.