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881.
Johanna Christian Lee M. Frank Rob Olivier Ghislain Stphane Teresa Pinto Nadine Irina 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(5):562-572
The goal oriented framework (GOF) for indicators has been developed as part of a comprehensive research project developing computerised tools for integrated assessment of the effects of new policies or technologies on agricultural systems (SEAMLESS-IF). The ambition has therefore been to create an indicator framework where the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development can be related to each other in a consistent way. Integrated assessment tools rely on such frameworks to capture and visualise trade-offs (antagonisms or synergies) among indicators between and within the three dimensions of sustainable development. The specific aims of this paper are to (i) present the GOF (ii) present how the GOF can be used to select indicators within the integrated assessment framework SEAMLESS-IF and (iii) discuss the advantages and limitations with the proposed approach. We show that the GOF has several advantages. Its major rewards are its relative simplicity and the possibility to link indicators to policy goals of each dimension of sustainability and thereby facilitate the comparison of the impacts of the new policy on the different dimensions. Another important feature of the GOF is its multi-scale perspective, which will enable the comparison of effects of a new policy between scales. Yet, as typical for all indicator frameworks, the GOF has also biases either instigated by the issues the included models cover or by the stakeholders’ selection of indicators. However, due to the way the GOF and its indicators are technically implemented in SEAMLESS-IF, it can easily be extended and include new indicators to increase and update its policy relevance. 相似文献
882.
The objective of this work is to characterize the heat transfer in micro end mill tools during machining operations. This analysis will aid in the design of heat dissipation strategies that could potentially increase tool life and machining precision. Tool temperatures, above the unmachined workpiece surface, have been measured using an infrared camera during slot milling of aluminum (6061-T6) and steel (1018) with 300 μm-diameter two-flute tungsten carbide end mills. The measured temperatures compare favorably with temperature distributions predicted by a two-dimensional, transient, heat transfer model of the tool. The heat input is estimated by applying Loewen and Shaw’s heat partitioning analysis. Analysis of heat transfer in the tool found that 46 s into a cut conduction through the length of the tool, storage in the tool, and convection from the surface account for 41.5%, 45%, and 13.5% of the heat generated during machining. Thermal expansion and cooling strategies are discussed. 相似文献
883.
Since the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that the excess enthalpy generated in the negatively polarized Pd–D-D2O system was attributable to nuclear reactions occurring inside the Pd lattice, there have been reports of other manifestations
of nuclear activities in this system. In particular, there have been reports of tritium and helium-4 production; emission
of energetic particles, gamma or X-rays, and neutrons; as well as the transmutation of elements. In this communication, the
results of Pd–D co-deposition experiments conducted with the cathode in close contact with CR-39, a solid-state nuclear etch
detector, are reported. Among the solitary tracks due to individual energetic particles, triple tracks are observed. Microscopic
examination of the bottom of the triple track pit shows that the three lobes of the track are splitting apart from a center
point. The presence of three α-particle tracks outgoing from a single point is diagnostic of the 12C(n,n′)3α carbon breakup reaction and suggests that DT reactions that produce ≥9.6 MeV neutrons are occurring inside the Pd
lattice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of energetic (≥9.6 MeV) neutrons in the Pd–D system.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
884.
Remodeling the clock: coactivators and signal transduction in the circadian clockworks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Frank Weber 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(3):321-337
885.
886.
Frank Kupper Tjard De Cock Buning 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(5):431-450
Debates in animal ethics are largely characterized by ethical monism, the search for a single, timeless, and essential trait
in which the moral standing of animals can be grounded. In this paper, we argue that a monistic approach towards animal ethics
hampers and oversimplifies the moral debate. The value pluralism present in our contemporary societies requires a more open
and flexible approach to moral inquiry. This paper advocates the turn to a pragmatic, pluralistic approach to animal ethics.
It contributes to the development of such an approach in two ways. It offers a pragmatist critique of ethical monism in animal
ethics and presents the results of a qualitative study into the value diversity present in the different ways of thinking
about animals in the Netherlands. Carefully arranged group discussions resulted in the reconstruction of four distinctive
moral value frameworks that may serve as instruments in the future process of moral inquiry and deliberation in the reflection
on animal use. 相似文献
887.
Bénédicte Ritt Catherine Pierre Olivier Gauthier Frank Wenzhöfer Antje Boetius Jozée Sarrazin 《Marine Biology》2011,158(6):1187-1210
The Nile Deep-Sea Fan (NDSF) is located on the passive continental margin off Egypt and is characterized by the occurrence
of active fluid seepage such as brine lakes, pockmarks and mud volcanoes. This study characterizes the structure of faunal
assemblages of such active seepage systems of the NDSF. Benthic communities associated with reduced, sulphidic microhabitats
such as sediments and carbonate crusts were sampled by remotely operated vehicles during two cruises in 2006 (BIONIL) and
2007 (MEDECO). Environmental conditions and biological factors including family-level faunal composition, density and diversity
were measured at local and regional scales. Significant differences were detected at different spatial scales: (1) the fauna
of reduced habitats differed substantially in activity, diversity and biomass from the non-seep environment at similar water
depth, (2) cold seep microhabitats showed differences in community structure and composition related to substratum type as
well as to the intensity and location of fluid emissions. 相似文献
888.
Livestock's contributions to climate change and smog-forming emissions are a growing public policy concern. This study quantifies greenhouse gas (GHG) and alcohol emissions from calves and feedlot steers. Carbon dioxide (CO) methane (CH), nitrous oxide (NO), ethanol (EtOH), and methanol (MeOH) were measured from a total of 45 Holstein and Angus steers and 9 Holstein calves representative of four different growth stages commonly present on calf ranches and commercial feedlots. Individuals from each animal type were randomly assigned to three equal replicate groups of nine animals per group. Steers were fed a high concentrate diet and calves a milk replacer and grain supplement. Cattle and calves were housed in groups of three animals in an environmental chamber for 24 h. The CO, NO, EtOH, and MeOH concentrations from the air inlet and outlet of the chamber were measured using an INNOVA 1412 monitor and CH using a TEI 55C methane analyzer. Emission rates (g head h) were calculated. The GHGs were mainly produced by enteric fermentation and respiration and differed across life stages of cattle. Compared with dairy cows, feedlot steers produce relatively less GHG. In general, ethanol and methanol, the most important volatile organic compound (VOC) group in the dairy sector, were below the lower limit of detection of the gas analyzer. The present data will be useful to verify models and to enhance GHG emission inventories for enteric fermentation, respiration, and fresh excreta for numerous cattle life stages across the beef industry. 相似文献
889.
Combining steam injection with hydraulic fracturing for the in situ remediation of the unsaturated zone of a fractured soil polluted by jet fuel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nilsson B Tzovolou D Jeczalik M Kasela T Slack W Klint KE Haeseler F Tsakiroglou CD 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(3):695-707
A steam injection pilot-scale experiment was performed on the unsaturated zone of a strongly heterogeneous fractured soil contaminated by jet fuel. Before the treatment, the soil was stimulated by creating sub-horizontal sand-filled hydraulic fractures at three depths. The steam was injected through one hydraulic fracture and gas/water/non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) was extracted from the remaining fractures by applying a vacuum to extraction wells. The injection strategy was designed to maximize the heat delivery over the entire cell (10 m × 10 m × 5 m). The soil temperature profile, the recovered NAPL, the extracted water, and the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the gas phase were monitored during the field test. GC-MS chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples allowed for the quantitative assessment of the remediation efficiency. The growth of the heat front followed the configuration of hydraulic fractures. The average concentration of total hydrocarbons (g/kg of soil) was reduced by ~ 43% in the upper target zone (depth = 1.5-3.9 m) and by ~ 72% over the entire zone (depth = 1.5-5.5 m). The total NAPL mass removal based on gas and liquid stream measurements and the free-NAPL product were almost 30% and 2%, respectively, of those estimated from chemical analyses of pre- and post-treatment soil samples. The dominant mechanisms of soil remediation was the vaporization of jet fuel compounds at temperatures lower than their normal boiling points (steam distillation) enhanced by the ventilation of porous matrix due to the forced convective flow of air. In addition, the significant reduction of the NAPL mass in the less-heated deeper zone may be attributed to the counter-current imbibition of condensed water from natural fractures into the porous matrix and the gravity drainage associated with seasonal fluctuations of the water table. 相似文献
890.