水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响研究进展

淡水生态系统温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)排放是全球气候变化背景下的研究热点。水生植物作为淡水生态系统重要的组成部分,对水体生源要素的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要影响,进而影响水体温室气体产生与排放。本研究基于目前水生植物与水体温室气体排放关系的研究,探讨了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放动力学过程的影响,提出水生植物分布区可能是温室气体排放热点;水生植物种类、生活型的多样性增加了水体温室气体排放的变异性和不确定性,对监测和估算方法的准确性产生一定影响;进一步总结了水生植物对淡水生态系统温室气体排放的影响机制:1)机械作用,包括气体传输通道作用和浮叶植物的滞留作用; 2)水生植物光合/呼吸作用参与水体碳循环,同时水生植物凋落物分解为水体代谢提供新鲜碳、氮源,提高温室气体产生速率; 3)改变根际厌氧环境,影响根际CH_4和N_2O产生与排放; 4)水生植物群落改变水体生态因子分配格局,影响水体异养代谢等。基于当前研究现状,本文提出要进一步开展不同尺度或不同生境条件下水生植物种类、生活型和生长代谢等对水体温室气体排放动力学的影响研究,并从水生植物群落尺度构建温室气体排放动力学模型,优化监测方法与估算模型,为推进我国淡水生态系统温室气体排放研究提供理论基础。     

包埋活性污泥反硝化性能的快速提高及群落分析

为了快速提高以污水厂反硝化池污泥为菌源的反硝化包埋填料的活性,实现包埋固定化的工程化应用,探究包埋填料的微生物群落特性,采用批次实验研究不同碳氮比、温度、pH对包埋填料活性的影响,并采用高通量测序研究包埋填料的生物群落特性.结果表明,C/N为10、温度为30℃、pH为7.5±0.3时,经过7 d即可恢复5.37 mg·(g·h)~(-1)的初始活性.在C/N为10,温度为25℃,pH为8.0的最优培养条件下,15 d后比反硝化速率即增大15倍至80.17 mg·(g·h)~(-1)并实现稳定运行.SEM结果显示包埋填料内部存在大量利于传质的通道,内部的细菌呈团簇状生长良好.高通量测序表明,包埋填料中具有反硝化功能的Thauera和Thermomonas为优势菌属,所占比例分别为24.27%和8.23%,保证了反硝化填料脱氮的高效性.Thauera优势菌属和Thermomonas菌属在最优培养条件下快速增殖是填料活性快速提高的主要原因.     

基于化肥削减潜力及碳减排的小麦生产效率

基于2004~2015年中国小麦主产省份的小麦生产投入产出数据,分析了中国小麦生产的化肥削减及碳减排潜力,并利用SBM模型和ML指数分别测算了小麦生产的环境效率和环境全要素生产率.结果显示：科学施肥条件下,主产省份小麦生产的化肥削减及碳减排潜力分别为51.66%、37.41%;化肥削减及碳减排条件下,小麦生产环境效率未降低,2004~2015年间平均的小麦生产环境效率为0.970,北方地区的小麦生产环境效率要低于南方地区,小麦生产的MLEFFCH指数、MLTECH指数、ML指数超过了1,大于化肥未削减、全碳排放条件下的MLEFFCH指数、MLTECH指数、ML指数,化肥削减及碳减排利于实际生产向最大产出迫近,以达到生产的帕累托最优状态.     

污泥焚烧项目环境监理钙硫比核算应用实践研究

在污泥焚烧项目环境监理过程中,通过核算钙硫摩尔比考察或佐证二氧化硫的去除能力及效果.根据钙硫比核算需要收集项目相关生产报表,并对污泥焚烧过程中的钙硫摩尔比进行核算.通过对钙硫比的合理性进行分析,进而考察污泥焚烧过程中二氧化硫产生情况及达标排放情况,提升环境监理工作深度.数据来源为企业实际生产报表,分析方法为钙硫元素摩尔量理论反应值、质量平衡、热量平衡.通过实际数据核算分析发现,污泥焚烧项目中的钙硫元素摩尔比明显低于理论设计值,污泥中硫在焚烧过程中转化成SO2的比例约为64.52%.     

Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes

Nitrogen(N) runoff from paddy fields serves as one of the main sources of water pollution. Our aim was to reduce N runoff from paddy fields by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In northeast China, Shuangcheng city in Heilongjiang province, a field experiment was conducted, using rice provided with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,and 100% of the local norm of fertilization(including N, phosphorus and potassium), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume, concentrations of total N(TN),dissolved N(DN) and particulate N(PN) of runoff water were measured. We found that the local norm of fertilization led to 18.9 kg/ha of N runoff during rice growing season, with DN accounting for 60%–70%. We also found that reduction in fertilization by 20% cut down TN runoff by 8.2% while AMF inoculation decreased N runoff at each fertilizer level and this effect was inhibited by high fertilization. The combination of inoculation with AMF and 80% of the local norm of fertilization was observed to reduce N runoff by 27.2%. Conclusively, we suggested that the contribution of AMF inoculation combined with decreasing fertilization should get more attention to slow down water eutrophication by reducing N runoff from paddy fields.     

植物法改性类Fenton反应催化剂降解甲基橙

采用银杏叶和桑叶提取液制备了改性类Fenton反应催化剂并进行了表征分析,研究了溶液初始p H、反应温度、催化剂加入量、甲基橙初始质量浓度等因素对甲基橙降解率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的重复使用效果。表征结果表明:制备出的催化剂为Fe_2O_3和Fe OOH的混合物;桑叶改性催化剂的粒径分布较银杏叶改性催化剂均匀,粒径较小,比表面积较大。实验结果表明:在初始p H为6.23、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量1 g/L、甲基橙初始质量浓度100 mg/L的条件下,银杏叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.40%,桑叶改性催化剂的甲基橙降解率为99.96%;碱性条件下,甲基橙降解率仍接近100%,扩宽了反应的p H适用范围,为碱性条件下处理偶氮染料提供了新思路;催化剂重复使用6次之后,甲基橙降解率仍可达到99%。根据反应前后溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱,初步探讨了降解机理。     

真实储蓄的理论与实践

真实储蓄可以用于评价一个国家或地区的可持续发展状况。本文对真实储蓄的基本理论进行了分析,在此基础上,计算了秦皇岛市的真实储蓄,并对计算结果进行了分析。     

Cultivation of Biogranules in a Continuous Flow Reactor at Low Dissolved Oxygen

This study investigated sludge granulation inoculated with various mixtures of aerobic and anaerobic sludge at low dissolved oxygen (DO; 0.3–0.6 mg/l) or aerobic (>2.5 mg/l) conditions in four parallel flow reactor systems. Formation of high-density coupled granules was achieved in the reactor system inoculated with anaerobic and aerobic sludge seeds (1:1 mass ratio) at low DO concentrations, with a mean size of 2.5 mm after only 27 days of cultivation. The highest ratio of protein (PN) to polysaccharide (PS; 3.3) was observed for the coupled sludge compared to granules cultivated under aerobic conditions. The PN/PS ratio correlated well with high hydrophobicity, low sludge volumetric index, and compact granular structure. Activity tests of the specific anaerobic and aerobic biomass confirmed that anaerobes and aerobes coexisted in the same coupled granule. Based on the optical microscopic and SEM observations, the process of coupled granule formation was proposed.     

Human and organizational factors in Chinese hazardous chemical accidents: a case study of the ‘8.12’ Tianjin Port fire and explosion using the HFACS-HC

Human and organizational factors have been proven to be the prime causes of Chinese hazardous chemical accidents (HCAs). A modified version of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS), namely the HFACS-Hazardous Chemicals (HC), was developed to identify the human factors involved in Chinese HCAs. The ‘8.12’ Tianjin Port fire and explosion, the costliest HCA in recent years, was reanalyzed using this framework, and the results were compared with the official accident inquiry report to determine their differences related to the identification of human and organizational factors. The study revealed that interacting human factors from different levels in Ruihai Company led to this catastrophe, and the inquiry report had limitations in the identification of human factors and the guidance for similar accident prevention. This study showed the applicability of the HFACS-HC in HCA analyses as well as the necessity to recommend this approach for future HCA investigations.