老化对六六六在土壤中可提取态含量及其生物有效性的影响

用室内模拟试验的方法研究了老化作用对六六六在土壤中可提取态含量变化及其在蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)体内的生物富集规律.结果表明,六六六在土壤中的可提取态含量随着时间延长逐渐降低,下降速率呈现初始较快、而后减慢的趋势.在开始60 d老化时间内,α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六和δ-六六六在土壤中的老化减少量是其初始添加量的57.2%、50%、52.2%和43.2%,分别是其在180 d内老化减少量的90.5%、87.4%、72.4%和84.4%.六六六在蚯蚓体内的生物富集量和生物富集系数也表现出和老化相似的规律.不同老化时间内,六六六在蚯蚓体内的生物富集量表现为α-六六六>β-六六六>δ-六六六>γ-六六六.生物富集系数在开始的15 d为γ-六六六>α-六六六>β-六六六>δ-六六六;而后呈α-六六六>β-六六六>acillus cereus efficiently debγ-rominated and degrade-六六六>δ-六六六的规律.老化使六六六在土壤中的可提取态含量和生物有效性降低,但仍可以在蚯蚓体内有一定的生物富集,对土壤生态安全的威胁依然存在.     

上海城市地表灰尘重金属污染累积过程与影响因素

选择上海中心城区典型样点开展地表灰尘重金属累积过程的实证研究.结果表明,交通区地表灰尘负荷平均值为12.4 g/m,范围为5.04 ～23.2 g/m;文教区道路灰尘负荷为6.1g/m,范围为3.8～10.0 g/m.持续时间长、强度较大的降雨对颗粒物负荷有明显的削减作用,而小雨则会使其总量有所增加,土地利用类型和道路交通行为是影响地表灰尘大气环境“源-汇”效应的重要因素.在干期累积过程中,随着无雨天数的增加,地表灰尘负荷随之升高,同时颗粒物粒径逐渐增大.在交通流量较高的地区,灰尘重金属浓度呈现降低趋势,表现出对大气悬浮颗粒物的“源”效应,而交通流量相对较低的区域灰尘重金属浓度则有所升高,显示出其对大气悬浮物的"汇"效应.干期累积过程中,污染物负荷变化取决于灰尘负荷和污染物浓度两者的共同作用,呈现出S型增长趋势,降雨过后10 d内,污染负荷增长缓慢,10～15 d迅速增加,15 d后,污染负荷增长速率减小,颗粒物与大气悬浮物交换保持平衡状态.     

生态环境监测服务平台设计——以宁波市为例

建成“一网-二库-二系统”的生态环境监测服务平台,为宁波市环境监测部门、政府管理部门、科研机构、社会公众等提供数据支持服务。介绍了该平台的总体架构、应用模式,以及实现、部署与应用。     

滇池流域花卉蔬菜废弃物对湖泊水质影响的模拟研究

选择流域内6种代表性的蔬菜、花卉秸秆,研究其对滇池水质的影响。结果表明：在相同水平的秸秆投加量下,TN、TP负荷量在秸秆投入水中约45d和30d左右均达到最大值,花卉秸秆在水体中TN、TP的总释放量明显高于蔬菜秸秆;水体TN、TP含量与秸秆投加量均成显著正相关。花卉、蔬菜秸秆进入滇池水后的最大潜在污染负荷量分别为：花卉秸秆的TN污染负荷为54.11g/kg,TP污染负荷为23.19g/kg;蔬菜秸秆的TN污染负荷为41.16g/kg,TP污染负荷为13.56g/kg。随意弃置堆放的花卉蔬菜秸秆对滇池水体可能存在的潜在面源污染负荷TN、TP极大值分别为12815.43 t和5290.51 t。     

海洋空间资源性资产产权制度效率的测度

以建立高效率的海洋空间资源性资产产权制度目标,本文尝试建立海洋空间资源性资产产权制度效率的测度模型,为产权制度的选择和变革提供依据。产权制度效率是指产权制度成本与产权制度效益之间的对比关系。因此,本文首先对其产权制度的成本及产权制度的效益的构成进行分析,然后给出计算或评估的方法,最后对产权制度成本与产权制度效益的计算或评估结果进行比较,从而得到产权制度效率的测度模型。     

洋山工程影响海洋环境关键因子的分析

分析了洋山工程群可能对近海生态环境产生的影响。结果表明,就目前而言,洋山工程群对近海生态环境的影响主要表现在施工期。主要的影响有大堤修筑、码头和桥桩钻孔、航道疏浚、炸礁清石、爆破挤淤、海底管道铺设和陆域吹填等作业,并由此产生的水下振动、冲击波、高浓度悬浮物、石油烃、有机物和生物填埋等因子。高浓度悬浮物直接或间接地影响浮游生物、鱼卵、仔稚鱼和游泳动物幼体等生长;冲击波直接引起一定范围内鱼类的死亡;水下振动对鱼群有驱赶作用;石油烃和有机物污染水体;填埋导致底栖动物死亡。洋山工程群建设和营运过程中污水排放量较少,有机污染物对海洋环境影响有限。悬浮物和生物填埋是工程影响海洋生态环境的关键因子。施工期结束,洋山海域生态环境可能较快地得以恢复。     

福建软质海崖蚀退机理及过程分析——以平潭岛东北海岸为例

通过对福建平潭岛东部岸段软质海崖为期两年的监测,结合历史岸线变化,分析了不同时期的海崖后退变化差异和原因,初步探讨了后退量与影响因素之间关系,得出以下结论:(1)近50 a来研究区海岸蚀退速率呈增大趋势,海平面上升与海崖蚀退率增大之间存在对应关系。(2)软质海崖侵蚀的主要外部影响因素为降水和海洋动力作用,内部因素为海崖抗蚀能力较弱。(3)软质海崖蚀退并非匀速过程,强降水和风暴潮等极端气候作用时期是海崖蚀退最强烈的阶段,侵蚀影响因素的变化也造成蚀退量的差异。(4)软质海崖的蚀退是冲刷、滑坡以及搬运共同作用的结果,海崖蚀退过程可以归结为稳定期,作用期,滑坡期和搬运期4个阶段。     

野战弹药储存防热现状及温度指标论证

分析了野战弹药的储存防热现状,论证了野战弹药储存防热的温度指标。通过对火炸药储存性能参数的计算并结合我国的实际气候状况,确定了野战弹药的储存防热指标为环境温度应控制在40℃以下。最后,提出了今后野战弹药储存防热的研究方向。     

Removal of fluoride from water using titanium-based adsorbents

Three adsorbents including TiO₂, Ti-Ce, and Ti-La hybrid oxides were prepared to remove fluoride from aqueous solution. The Ti-Ce and Ti-La hybrid adsorbents obtained by the hydrolysis-precipitation method had much higher sorption capacity for fluoride than the TiO₂ adsorbent prepared through hydrolysis. Rare earth (Ce and La) oxides and TiO₂ exhibited a synergistic effect in the hybrid adsorbents for fluoride sorption. The sorption equilibrium of fluoride on the three adsorbents was achieved within 4 h, and the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetics well. The sorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model well, and the adsorption capacities of fluoride on the Ti-Ce and Ti-La adsorbents were about 9.6 and 15.1 mg·g⁻¹, respectively, at the equilibrium fluoride concentration of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, much higher than the 1.7 mg·g⁻¹ on the TiO₂. The sorption capacities of fluoride on the three adsorbents decreased significantly when the solution pH increased from 3 to 9.5. The electrostatic interaction played an important role in fluoride removal by the three adsorbents, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated that the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface were involved in fluoride adsorption.     

Evaluating the e ects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong River that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the e uents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated e uents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the e uents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand because FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter e uents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the e uents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the e uents from granular media filters.