地表水中Tl(Ⅰ)的光致化学氧化

铊的价态影响铊的毒性以及铊的迁移特性,本工作研究了光照对Tl(Ⅰ)的氧化作用.结果表明,pH值低、光照强度大以及UVB和UVC区有利于Tl(Ⅰ)的氧化.pH=2时,汞弧灯照射10 min后,原溶液中所剩的Tl(Ⅰ)不到1%;而pH=9时,光照1h后溶液中的Tl(Ⅰ)还剩83%;汞弧灯照射5min后,灯-液距离为20cm的实验,溶液中Tl(Ⅰ)仅剩4%,而灯-液距离为36cm时,溶液中的Tl(Ⅰ)还剩50%左右;经滤光后的汞弧灯照射后,溶液中所剩的Tl(Ⅰ)还剩90%左右,而未经滤光的汞弧灯照射后,溶液中所剩的Tl(Ⅰ)不足1%;微生物作用在本实验条件下,相对于光氧化作用并不明显,除去微生物和未除去微生物的水样,经日光照射后,所剩的Tl(Ⅰ)均为70%左右.     

化工工业园区无功补偿方案仿真研究

针对某化工工业园区电石炉群运行时造成园区功率因数低的问题,利用电力系统分析综合程序(Power System Analysis Software Package,PSASP)建立园区电石炉群仿真模型,提出合理的无功补偿方案,并通过仿真分析和计算,对方案的有效性进行了验证。仿真结果表明:该无功补偿方案能够有效提高园区功率因数,减少电石炉群运行时对电网的影响。     

生态修复:从民事法律责任到行政法律义务

生态修复是救济生态环境损害的方式,或体现为民事法律责任,或体现为行政法律义务.作为民事法律责任的生态修复体现了以环境权为权源通过民事法律规范以司法途径救济生态环境损害的救济方式,作为行政法律义务的生态修复体现了"行政命令+行政处罚+代履行"的生态环境损害救济方式.将生态修复作为民事法律责任是目前的主流做法,但将生态修复...     

滇池水体和沉积物中营养盐的分布特征

在滇池外海不同方位选取6个采样点,研究了水质现状,沉积物Eh,pH,总氮,总磷以及间隙水重金属的剖面分布特征。结果表明,滇池水体仍属富营养化状态。在氧化表层下,Eh随沉积深度的增加迅速降低,沉积物深层为还原状态。pH在沉积物剖面变化不大,为7 0～8 5。滇池沉积物含有丰富的营养物质,总氮和总磷最高质量分数分别为8 67和3 46g kg。剖面分布表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,在表层0～10cm含量随深度增加而迅速降低。重金属元素在水-土界面的浓度梯度为沉积物向水体的扩散提供了条件。不同采样点相比,位于昆明市附近的S6点沉积物内负荷较大。在外源减少的情况下,沉积物内负荷可能在一定时间内成为控制滇池水质的主导因子。      

鲴鲢鳙混养系统中微生物对氮素迁移转化的影响

通过实验室模拟富营养化水体进行鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)鲴(Plagiogathops micrloepis Bleeker)混养,结合同位素标记与微生物检测,研究其中沉积物微生物群落的变化及其对氮素迁移转化的影响,揭示鲢鳙鲴混养作用机制....     

Mechanism and characterization of microplastic aging process: A review

● Methods for estimating the aging of environmental micro-plastics were highlighted. ● Aging pathways & characterization methods of microplastics were related and reviewed. ● Possible approaches to reduce the contamination of microplastics were proposed. ● The prospect and deficiency of degradable plastics were analyzed. With the increasing production of petroleum-based plastics, the problem of environmental pollution caused by plastics has aroused widespread concern. Microplastics, which are formed by the fragmentation of macro plastics, are bio-accumulate easily due to their small size and slow degradation under natural conditions. The aging of plastics is an inevitable process for their degradation and enhancement of adsorption performance toward pollutants due to a series of changes in their physiochemical properties, which significantly increase the toxicity and harm of plastics. Therefore, studies should focus on the aging process of microplastics through reasonable characterization methods to promote the aging process and prevent white pollution. This review summarizes the latest progress in natural aging process and characterization methods to determine the natural aging mechanism of microplastics. In addition, recent advances in the artificial aging of microplastic pollutants are reviewed. The degradation status and by-products of biodegradable plastics in the natural environment and whether they can truly solve the plastic pollution problem have been discussed. Findings from the literature pointed out that the aging process of microplastics lacks professional and exclusive characterization methods, which include qualitative and quantitative analyses. To lessen the toxicity of microplastics in the environment, future research directions have been suggested based on existing problems in the current research. This review could provide a systematic reference for in-depth exploration of the aging mechanism and behavior of microplastics in natural and artificial systems.     

Evaluation of activated sludge properties’ changes in industrial-wastewater pre-treatment: role of residual aluminum hydrolyzed species with different polymerization degree

● Medium poly Al salts dominated the PAC residual salts with a rational dosage. ● Settlement flocculation effect under medium poly Al salts showed a better trend. ● Complex of medium poly Al salts and enzymes promoted cell activity. ● Medium poly Al salts were beneficial to the effluent indexes. With the widespread introduction of pre-coagulation prior to the biological unit in various industrial wastewater treatments, it is noteworthy that long-term accumulation of residual coagulants has certains effect on both micro and macro characteristics of activated sludge (AS). In this study, the morphology distributions of residual aluminum salts (RAS) and their effects on the removal efficiency of AS were investigated under different PAC concentrations. The results showed that the dominance of medium polymeric RAS, formed under an appropriate PAC dose of 20 mg/L enhanced the hydrophobicity, flocculation, and sedimentation performances of AS, as well as the enzymatic activity in cells in the sludge system, improving the main pollutants removal efficiency of the treatment system. Comparatively the species composition with monomer and dimer / high polymer RAS as the overwhelming parts under an over-dosed PAC concentration of 55 mg/L resulted in excessive secretion of EPS with loose flocs structure and conspicuous inhibition of cellular activity, leading to the deterioration of physico-chemical and biological properties of AS. Based on these findings, this study can shed light on the role of the RAS hydrolyzed species distributions, closely relevant to Al dosage, in affecting the comprehensive properties of AS and provide a theoretical reference for coagulants dosage precise control in the pretreatment of industrial wastewater.     

Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai,China

● A systematic framework was developed to identify i-PPCPs for landfill leachate. ● The wide-scope target analysis offered a basis for comprehensive i-PPCP screening. ● Source-specificity and representativeness analysis helped to refine i-PPCPs. ● Erythromycin, gemfibrozil and albendazole were identified as i-PPCPs for leachate. Identifying potential sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment is critical for the effective control of PPCP contamination. Landfill leachate is an important source of PPCPs in water; however, it has barely been involved in source apportionment due to the lack of indicator-PPCPs (i-PPCPs) in landfill leachates. This study provides the first systematic framework for identifying i-PPCPs for landfill leachates based on the wide-scope target monitoring of PPCPs. The number of target PPCPs increased from < 20 in previous studies to 68 in the present study. Fifty-nine PPCPs were detected, with median concentrations in leachate samples ranging from below the method quantification limit (MQL) to 41 μg/L, and 19 of them were rarely reported previously. A total of 29 target compounds were determined to be PPCPs of high concern by principal component analysis according to multiple criteria, including occurrence, exposure potential, and ecological effect. Coupled with source-specificity and representativeness analysis, erythromycin, gemfibrozil, and albendazole showed a significant difference in their occurrence in leachate compared to other potential sources (untreated and treated municipal wastewater and livestock wastewater) and correlated with total PPCP concentrations; these were recommended as i-PPCPs for leachates. Indicator screening procedure can be used to develop a sophisticated source apportionment method to identify sources of PPCPs from adjacent landfills.     

一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性研究

研究了一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性,并与现行仲裁标准方法进行比较分析。研究表明:该便携式荧光测油仪测定海水中油类样品仅需100 mL水样,平均每个样品所需的前处理时间约340 s,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,测定下限为0.012 mg/L。测定用标准物质配制的不同浓度海水样品,相对标准偏差为0.08%~0.87%,测定标准样品的相对误差为0.49%~4.50%,实际样品加标回收率为90%~107%。对标准物质配制的海水样品进行检测,与现行仲裁标准方法在0.05水平下无显著性差异。在渤海中部海上监测中,连续6 d测定不同标准样品的相对标准偏差为0.26%~0.83%。研究结果表明,该便携式荧光测油仪适用于现场对油类的定量分析和水质评价。