城市生态系统承载理论探索与实证--以长江三角洲为例

为深入地探讨城市生态系统内部各要素的相互作用关系,将自然生态系统承载力理论扩展到城市生态系统,提出城市生态系统的承载机制概念。分别从微观作用与宏观表现两个角度提出承载机制模型,即承载递阶模型与水桶模型,初步构建了承载理论框架。在承载理论指导下,采用层次结构模型建立了承载机制评价指标体系,提出承载机制定量评估模型,由此可计算出城市生态系统承载指数,该指数是研究资源支持系统、环境约束系统与社会经济活动三者协调性以及城市生态环境对社会经济活动供容能力的重要判据。最后对长三角具有代表性的8个城市进行了实证研究。结果表明：长三角8个^城市的综合承载指数排序依次为：上海、南京、无锡、宁波、杭州、苏州、常州、扬州。     

深圳市中心城区VOCs污染特征与臭氧来源量化分析

文章利用莲花山生态监测站污染物观测数据与近地面气象数据,分析了2018年9月21日～10月18日深圳市出现连续臭氧(O3)污染过程期间,城区挥发性有机物(VOCs)体积分数与活性的变化特征;同时结合光化学箱模型对深圳市O3污染来源进行了量化分析.研究发现:阴雨天VOCs局地累积效应增强,O3生成主要受限于光照条件;偏东...     

深圳市冬、夏两季大气中有机氯农药的研究

利用大流量主动采样器,选择深圳市13个有代表性采样点,于2009年12月~2010年1月和2010年6月,分2个采样时期对深圳市大气中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行监测.结果显示,深圳市冬、夏大气中,13个点位总有机氯农药浓度变化范围分别为742~3522 pg/m3(平均值1769pg/m3)和507~2197pg/m3(平均值1163pg/m3).冬季大气中有机氯农药主要是DDTs、林丹、七氯、氯丹、六氯苯,占有机氯农药总量的87%;夏季大气中有机氯农药主要为DDTs、氯丹、林丹,三者总量占有机氯农药的89%.研究表明,深圳市大气中存在“新”DDT的输入,认为工业DDT是其主要来源,而γ-HCH以及氯丹的高检出与林丹和用于杀灭白蚁的氯丹的继续使用有关.     

DMF降解菌MBYD-1的分离、鉴定及降解特性

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离得到一株能以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为唯一碳、氮源生长的菌株MBYD-1.经形态观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株初步鉴定为假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas sp.).菌株MBYD-1降解DMF的最适条件为:pH 7.0,30℃.当DMF浓度为400mg/L,接种量为2%时,菌株能在72h内将DMF完全矿化.底物广谱性实验表明,菌株MBYD-1能在甲酸盐和甲醛中很好地生长,在甲酰胺中的生长情况优于二甲胺.     

不同类型区农用地整治对农田生产能力的影响

以产能提高为核心的农用地整治已上升为国家层面的重要战略之一。通过建立农用地整治影响下的农田生产能力估算模型,定量评价湖北省内平原、丘陵及山地3种不同类型区农用地整治对农田生产能力的影响,结果表明:①农用地整治后,山地型整治区农田生产能力提高168.91%,丘陵型整治区提高57.78%,平原型整治区提高38.32%;②平原型整治区基础设施要素提高最大,为78.62%;丘陵型整治区水资源要素提高最大,为75%;山地型整治区基础设施要素提高最大,为199.12%;③总体上,基础设施要素对农田生产能力的贡献率都最大。建议国家农用地整治在政策上适当增加对山地型和丘陵型整治区的重视,项目区应合理配套农村居民点整治工程,并尽量避免生态损失。     

新中国成立以来的新疆土地开发

新中国成立以来,新疆的土地开发经历了三个时期:①1950-1977年以开荒扩大耕地面积为主,耕地面积虽不断增加,但经历了"大跃进"和"十年动乱"干扰,农业生产水平低,粮食仅能实现低水平自给,个别年份还要调入;②1978-1995年耕地面积没有增加,以提高单产为主,粮食单产大幅提高,并逐步压缩粮食面积,增加棉花播种面积,不仅实现粮食自给,还建成全国棉花基地;③1995-2009年,实行提高单产与扩大耕地面积并举,粮棉产量进一步大幅提高,粮食单产高于全国平均水平,建成全国最大的产棉区,总产占全国近二分之一。60多年来新疆土地开发虽取得了巨大成绩,但对生态环境破坏严重,现有耕地已达到水资源承载能力,今后总体上不宜再开荒,而应通过土地整合,提高绿洲内净耕地利用系数,发展节水灌溉,不断提高土地生产力。     

Levels of plasma B-esterases and glutathione-S-transferase activities in three South American toad species

We determined the normal levels of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities in three South American toad species in order to establish reference values for field pesticide monitoring purposes. Interspecies variations in B-esterase and GST activities were examined according to body mass. In addition, comparative inhibition of BChE and CbE activities using malaoxon, and chemical reactivation of malaoxon-inhibited BChE activity using pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) were investigated. Bufo fernandezae had average activity values for BChE: 17.31 mmol min^?1 ml^?1; CbE: 621.49 nmol min^?1 ml^?1 and GST: 1.94 mmol min^?1 ml^?1 while B. arenarum enzymatic average activities were BChE: 9.51 mmol min^?1 ml^?1; CbE: 270.07 nmol min^?1 ml^?1, and GST: 1.59 mmol min^?1 ml^?1; finally Bufo schneideri had enzymatic mean values of BChE: 2.08 mmol min^?1 ml^?1; CbE: 301.95 nmol min^?1 ml^?1, and GST: 1.60 mmol min^?1 ml^?1. Moreover, we found an allometric relationship between plasma BChE and CbE activities and body size for the three toad species. We suggest that B. fernandezae would be the species with a higher tolerance capacity to organophosphorous insecticides compared to the other toad species, while B. schneideri may be the most vulnerable toad species to field pesticide exposure, although some other factors (e.g., brain AChE sensitivity or pesticide metabolism by phosphotriesterases) should be also taken into account. The malaoxon-inhibited BChE activity of the three toad species was reactivated in the presence of 2-PAM, and it is recommended as a specific and sensitive methodology in the assessment of field exposure to OP insecticides together to compare BChE activity levels between OP-exposed and nonexposed individuals.     

基于居民合理生活消费的人均碳排放计算

分析了我国居民消费直接与间接碳排放的变化及现状,并通过居民消费的微观角度,分析计算基于居民合理生活消费人均碳排放.试图通过居民消费的角度建立人均碳排放的核算方法,给出建议数据.根据国内当前主要消费环节的碳排放水平,对比国际先进水平和国内碳减排升级潜力,计算了满足居民正常小康生活水平条件下的人均碳排放,年人均排放约2203kg~2333kg碳.居民基本生活的碳排放主要集中在供暖制冷、住宅使用、污染治理和基础建设分摊等方面,而衣物与食品消耗、生活物质材料等方面的碳排放量所占比重相对较低.     

Effect Of pH on the complexation of U(II) with organic matter dissolved in resh waters

In the present work we study the effect of pH on the complexation of copper with organic matter dissolved in fresh surface waters. Samples collected in rivers of Galicia (NW of Spain) were titrated with copper solution at pH values in the range 5.5–7.5. Copper concentration was measured by DPASV technique. The complexation parameters were obtained from the simple model of 1 : 1 complex formation. The obtained values show a linear increase of the logarithm of the conditional stability constant as the pH increases.     

Elucidating the function of ejaculate expulsion and consumption after copulation by female Euxesta bilimeki

Postcopulatory processes can influence male reproductive success in several animal species. Females can use different mechanisms to bias male paternity after copulation. One of such mechanisms consists in expelling all or part of the ejaculate after copulation. Euxesta bilimeki is an Ulidiid fly whose females not only frequently expel ejaculates after mating but also consume the ejaculate after expulsion. In order to understand the significance of these behaviors we examined video recordings of courtship, copulatory, and postcopulatory behaviours. The presence of sperm in female storage organs was confirmed after mating with males of different sizes and was correlated with duration of courtship, copulation, and the period from the end of copulation to ejaculate expulsion. The effect of ejaculate consumption on female fitness (fecundity and longevity) was compared among females held under different dietary treatments: a rich diet consisting of protein, sugar and water, an intermediate diet composed of sugar and water, a poor diet of only water and females that were completely deprived of food and water. All of the observed females expelled ejaculates after mating. The probability of storing sperm in the two spermathecae and the ventral receptacle was correlated with interactions between the duration of all behaviours examined and male size. Except for starved females, who lived longer when allowed to consume ejaculates, ejaculate consumption had no effect on fitness. Results suggest that females can bias sperm storage according to male mating effort, while the consumed ejaculate had some nutritional value only evident when females were completely starved.