聚氯乙烯微塑料的原位光解老化及其对土壤微生物群落的影响

近年来,微塑料污染越来越受到大众和科研人员的关注.微塑料被报道在水体、土壤和大气中广泛分布,它们在环境中可能受到物理、化学或生物作用而发生老化现象.目前大部分关于微塑料老化的研究都是在水环境中进行的,同时,有关微塑料的老化研究主要采用离线技术进行表征,只能测定微塑料老化前后的结构变化,不能准确认识微塑料界面反应过程,因此,亟待开发微塑料老化过程的在线监测技术及研究其在非水相环境中的老化过程.研究污染物性质的目的 之一是为研究其环境影响提供理论依据,因此,本研究选择了聚氯乙烯(PVC)农业地膜在空气中老化后进入土壤的环境过程,搭建了单颗粒微塑料的显微-傅里叶变换红外光谱原位监测装置,从分子水平揭示了PVC微塑料的光化学转化过程,同时也探究了老化后PVC微塑料对土壤微生物群落所产生的影响.     

多目标规划在应急物流中的应用综述

为充分提高突发事件的应急救援效率,应急物流系统的建设至关重要。围绕应急物流系统,从应急物资管理、设施建立以及物流路径规划等方面入手开展相关研究工作的梳理和讨论,结果表明:目前相关研究受限于应急物流的应急体制建设不完善、多目标联系不紧密、信息化程度低、应急物资需求的动态性把握不准确等方面,而根据多目标规划方法提出的相应改进建议,能够实现救援线路最优化、救援时间最短化以及应急投入最小化等多个目标。     

长三角区域背景地区降水化学特征

为了解临安降水的化学特征及主要致酸组分,2008年5-11月在临安区域大气本底站采集了35个降水样品,分析其化学组分.结果表明,临安地区降水中无机阴阳离子体积加权平均浓度比我国城市地区低,但个别降水中无机离子浓度总量会很高;降水中Cl-和K+主要来自海洋源的贡献;SO42-,Ca2+和Mg2+主要来自非海洋源;燃煤排放产生的SO42-仍然是临安地区降水酸化的主要无机致酸组分,35场降水中,平均占到无机阴离子总量的52%,NO3-对临安降水酸化具有重要贡献,反映出长三角区域快速城市化过程中机动车数量快速增长对区域大气环境的影响在增强.     

A heuristic approach to predicting water beetle diversity in temporary and fluctuating waters

An understanding of the causal mechanisms and processes that shape macroinvertebrate communities at a local scale has important implications for the management and conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Here we compare the performance of linear and non-linear statistics to explore diversity-environment relationships using data from 76 temporary and fluctuating ponds in two regions of southern England. We focus on aquatic beetle assemblages, which have been shown to be excellent surrogates of wider freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity. Ponds in the region contained a rich coleopteran fauna, totaling 68 species, which provided an excellent model system with which to compare the performance of two non-linear procedures (artificial neural networks—ANNs and generalised additive models—GAMs) and one more traditional linear approach (Multiple linear regression—MLR) to modelling diversity-environment relationships. Of all approaches employed, the best fit was obtained using an ANN model with only four input variables (conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth). This model accounted for 82% of the observed variability in Shannon diversity index across ponds. In contrast, the best GAM and MLR models only explained 50% and 14% of this variation, respectively. Contribution profile analysis of conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth, obtained from the best fit ANN through a hierarchical cluster analysis, allowed the identification of direct and proxy effects in relation to the environmental variables measured in this study. In each case, distinct clusters of ponds were identified in contribution profile analysis, suggesting that ponds across the two regions fall into a number of discrete groups, whose beetle faunas respond in subtly yet significantly different ways to key environmental variables. Aquatic coleopteran diversity in ponds in the two regions appears to be driven at a local scale by changes in relatively few physicochemical gradients, which are related to diversity in a clearly non-linear manner.     

Correlates of male mating success in great bustard leks: the effects of age, weight, and display effort

We examined how mating success varied in relation to age, weight, body size, and display behavior among great bustard Otis tarda males. The estimated mating success was strongly skewed, with 45% of adult males being involved in copulation attempts and only 9.7% actually seen copulating successfully. Unlike most birds, body size continued increasing in great bustards several years after reaching sexual maturity. Age, weight, and display effort were all significant and independent predictors of male mating success. The higher display effort involved performing longer full-display bouts. Older males could detach from the male flock earlier in the season as well as on each day and spend longer seasonal and daily periods displaying as solitary birds, which contributed to increase their mating success. In contrast, males weighing more did not invest more in display, which suggests that they could be recognized as dominants by other males and selected by females through assessment of their plumage sexual traits. In contrast to most other bird species, the system described for great bustards resembles that found in some lek-mating ungulates, where social rank is a complex trait determined by both age and mass, and as in these mammals, it suggests that sexual selection continues to favor a high male weight in this extremely sexually dimorphic species.     

桑树幼苗对缺铁环境的生理反应

为揭示桑树Morus alba L.对缺铁环境的响应机制,对桑树幼苗在缺铁环境下对难溶性铁的吸收、根系的铁还原活性、活性还原物质的分泌及根际的酸化作用进行了探讨。缺铁培养12 d后,桑树地上部铁含量和叶片叶绿素含量显著降低而叶片丙二醛含量显著增加。缺铁植株可吸收利用难溶性Fe2O3。在缺铁环境下可观察到根际的明显酸化,培养液的pH也随着缺铁处理时间的延长（1、3、4、5、6、7 d）而降低。而且,缺铁处理显著提高根系铁还原酶活性而显著降低根际Eh值。缺铁处理6、7 d后株均活性还原性物质的分泌量为（20.37±0.73）、（37.49±0.30）μmol·d^-1,显著高于加铁处理的株均分泌量[（11.89±0.46）、（12.32±0.30）μmol·d^-1]。此外,在缺铁环境中植株根冠比（0.25±0.06）也显著高于加铁处理（0.14±0.02）。这些结果说明,缺铁诱导的根际酸化、根系还原作用、还原物的分泌及根系的生长可能是桑树幼苗吸收利用难溶性铁的生理响应机制。     

The Impact of Biodegradable Plastics in the Properties of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Since biodegradable materials are unwittingly mixed with synthetic materials, this work aimed to study the feasibility of reliably identifying some...     

污泥消化液的磷浓度对anammox-HAP系统磷回收的影响

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷酸钙(anammox-hydroxyapatite,anammox-HAP)技术可实现污泥厌氧消化液高效自养脱氮同步磷回收.污泥厌氧消化液中磷的浓度与污泥性质、厌氧消化过程相关,变化范围很大.为探索anammox-HAP 系统中的磷回收效率,通过基于anammox-HAP长期运行的膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器...     

地震应急避难需求的系统动力学研究

为定量研究地震应急避难人群的规模及变化规律,建立需求分析的系统动力学模型。该模型包括建筑物倒塌,断水和电梯停运3种因素造成的需求。参考汶川地震中板房建设速度和电梯修复速度,以及日本关于地震断水率的研究成果,建立非线性模型拟合各需求的变化规律。采用Vensim软件建立系统动力学模型,分析各需求的综合变化规律。采用上海市徐汇区的数据进行案例演算,并与其他研究方法对比分析仿真误差。仿真结果表明:建筑物损坏对人群数量的影响很大,但是灾后1个月内断水的影响最大;相对于工程技术因素,人因对需求有重要的影响。     

La掺杂TiO2/有机改性膨润土对TNT弹药废水的光催化降解性能研究

利用超声强化溶胶-凝胶法制备了La掺杂TiO2/有机改性膨润土复合光催化材料并进行了结构表征;以弹药废水中主要污染物质TNT作为目标物,考察了影响光催化降解性能的因素.结果表明：有机改性后复合材料的吸附性能和光催化性能均有所增加,对TNT的60min的吸附去除率和光催化降解率分别达到9.68％和94.53％;影响TNT光催化降解率的因素有光照时间、催化剂用量、TNT初始浓度、溶液pH值和光照强度.