三种安全评价方法在苏丹化工项目的应用比较分析与实践

为解决海外炼化项目存在的资源短缺、员工技能不足和管理文化冲突等问题,提高海外炼化项目安全管理水平,本文通过对比苏丹化工项目所采用的3种不同安全评价方法,分析出不同方法的优缺点和适用性。基于此,苏丹化工项目采用这3种评价方法,很好地弥补了单一评价方法的不足,查找出了主要的安全管理漏洞,识别出重大隐患所在,有效防范了各类安全风险,项目的安全管理水平得到了显著提高。     

Ca and OH release of ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite prepared from waste lime mud

Lime mud is a kind of solid waste in the papermaking industry, which has been a source of serious environmental pollution. Ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite were prepared from lime mud and fly ash through the solid state reaction method at 1050°C. The objective of this study was to explore the efficiency of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release and assess the phosphorus and copper ion removal performance of the ceramsites via batch experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that Ca^2 + and OH⁻ were released from the ceramsites due to the dissolution of anorthite, gehlenite and available lime. It is also concluded that gehlenite had stronger capacity for Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release compared with anorthite. The Ca^2 + release could be fit well by the Avrami kinetic model. Increases of porosity, dosage and temperature were associated with increases in the concentrations of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ released. Under different conditions, the ceramsites could maintain aqueous solutions in alkaline conditions (pH = 9.3–10.9) and the release of Ca^2 + was not affected. The removal rates of phosphorus and copper ions were as high as 96.88% and 96.81%, respectively. The final pH values of both phosphorus and copper ions solutions changed slightly. The reuse of lime mud in the form of ceramsites is an effective strategy.     

过硫酸盐氧化与水泥固化稳定化协同修复苯胺污染土壤

为了快速高效地处理突发性事故造成的苯胺污染土壤,在水泥固化稳定化苯胺污染土壤时加入过硫酸盐和活性炭,评估固化稳定化产物中苯胺的浸出特征和降解机理. 结果表明:①过硫酸盐的加入可以快速有效地去除污染土壤中高浓度(10 g/kg)的苯胺,当反应时间为10 min、过硫酸盐添加量为1.0 eq(即过硫酸盐与土壤中苯胺的摩尔浓度比为1.0)时,处理后土壤中苯胺残留量为1 345 mg/kg;过硫酸盐添加量为2.0 eq时,苯胺残留量为43 mg/kg,反应时间对苯胺的去除效率影响不大,碱性条件有利于苯胺的降解. ②过硫酸盐-活性炭-水泥复合固化稳定化剂可以有效固化稳定化高浓度苯胺污染土壤,过硫酸盐的加入可以有效氧化土壤中的苯胺,是浸出液中ρ(苯胺)降低的主要因素;活性炭的加入可以进一步吸附残留的苯胺及降解产物,使浸出液中ρ(TOC)大幅降低;水泥水化产生的强碱性和温度升高有助于过硫酸盐对苯胺的氧化降解. ③苯胺氧化降解产物分析发现,偶氮苯、苯酚和联苯胺是苯胺的主要降解产物.      

多晶硅光伏组件生产可持续性评价

分别采用了全生命周期评价软件、全生命周期成本法、社会性指数评价法,对我国多晶硅光伏组件生产阶段的环境影响、经济性和社会性影响进行了定量评估.结果表明:多晶硅生产、多晶硅电池片生产、电池组装3个阶段的环境影响相对较大,其中多晶硅生产阶段对气候变化的贡献率在50%以上.经济成本分析显示,原料和劳动力的成本占总成本的70%以上.多晶硅电池片生产阶段的成本在光伏组件生产过程的5个阶段中所占的比重最大.社会性影响分析结果显示,在光伏组件生产中,劳动岗位增加的贡献指数值为0.72,劳动力就业贡献较大,而生产能力提高的贡献指数值仅为0.18,显示生产能力提高的贡献较小.研究显示,为提高多晶硅光伏组件的可持续性,在生产过程中需寻找清洁能源、寻找环保替代材料以降低环境影响;积极鼓励支持企业进行技术研发创新,着力提高电池转换效率以降低生产成本;通过市场良性竞争提高多晶硅光伏行业的社会贡献.      

标准气溶胶发生系统的建立与性能评估

针对气溶胶测量仪器校准和实验室气溶胶光学特性研究的需求,搭建了一套标准气溶胶发生系统,并对其性能开展了测试研究.系统采用恒定流量的雾化器产生气溶胶,经过扩散干燥管干燥以及电荷中和器带电中和后,产生标准气溶胶粒子.利用氯化钠样品对系统的性能进行了测试,结果表明,当样品溶液浓度增加时,系统雾化产生粒子的数浓度和粒径均随之增加;当载气气压增加,系统雾化产生粒子的数浓度随之增加,而粒径随之减小.在测试时间内,系统发生的多分散气溶胶粒子的几何平均粒径波动小于1%,总粒子数浓度波动小于2%,单分散气溶胶粒子数浓度的稳定性好于4%.     

节球藻毒素的紫外光降解研究

为优化节球藻毒素(NOD)光解处理的最佳光源及反应条件,利用自制光反应装置研究了NOD在暗反应、可见光、暗反应+TiO_2、可见光+TiO_2及单独紫外光(UVA、UVB、UVC)处理下的去除效果,继而选择UVC作为最佳光源进行后续实验,探讨NOD初始浓度、温度、p H和光强对NOD去除效果的影响及反应动力学.结果表明:暗反应、可见光、可见光+TiO_2的组合、UVA和UVB均对NOD无显著去除作用,最高去除率约为20%;UVC处理可以快速去除水中NOD,其去除过程符合二级动力学.UVC处理时,pH对NOD的去除无显著影响;温度升高,NOD去除率缓慢增大,但组间差异并不显著;初始浓度越大,NOD去除率越低;光强增大,NOD去除率快速升高,但到达一定临界值后保持稳定状态.3种因素对UVC去除NOD的影响程度由大到小分别为:光强时间温度.光强318μW·cm~(-2)、p H=7、温度30℃、反应时间4 h为最佳处理条件,此时NOD去除率最高,初始浓度为0.1μg·m L~(-1)的NOD几乎被完全去除,残留浓度低于WHO及我国规定的藻毒素含量限值.研究表明,UVC光解NOD安全高效,是一种非常理想的NOD去除方法.     

Removal of carbofuran is not affected by co-application of chlorpyrifos in a coconut fiber/compost based biomixture after aging or pre-exposure

Biomixtures constitute the biologically active part of biopurification systems(BPS), which are used to treat pesticide-containing wastewater. The aim of this work was to determine whether co-application of chlorpyrifos(CLP) affects the removal of carbofuran(CFN)(both insecticide/nematicides) in a coconut fiber–compost–soil biomixture(FCS biomixture), after aging or previous exposure to CFN. Removal of CFN and two of its transformation products(3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) was enhanced in pre-exposed biomixtures in comparison to aged biomixtures. The co-application of CLP did not affect CFN removal, which suggests that CLP does not inhibit microbial populations in charge of CFN transformation.Contrary to the removal behavior, mineralization of radiolabeled14C-pesticides showed higher mineralization rates of CFN in aged biomixtures(with respect to freshly prepared or pre-exposed biomixtures). In the case of CLP, mineralization was favored in freshly prepared biomixtures, which could be ascribed to high sorption during aging and microbial inhibition by CFN in pre-exposure. Regardless of removal and mineralization results, toxicological assays revealed a steep decrease in the acute toxicity of the matrix on the microcrustacean Daphnia magna(over 97%) after 8 days of treatment of individual pesticides or the mixture CFN/CLP.Results suggest that FCS biomixtures are suitable to be used in BPS for the treatment of wastewater in fields where both pesticides are employed.     

BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备了BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,运用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物考察了复合光催化剂在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当BiPO_4与BiVO_4的摩尔比(磷钒比)为2∶8时BiPO_4-BiVO_4的光催化性能最优,光照180 min时对亚甲基蓝(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的降解率达96.20%,反应速率常数为0.018 1 min-1,明显优于单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4。表征结果显示:单斜相的BiPO_4与BiVO_4晶粒实现了复合生长,BiPO_4-BiVO_4(磷钒比2∶8)的晶粒粒径比单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4小;复合光催化剂在紫外光和可见光区均具有较好的光响应,且其禁带宽度较BiPO_4明显减小。     

Emotional appeal in recruitment advertising and applicant attraction: Unpacking national cultural differences

We investigated the impact of the type of emotional appeal (ego‐focused vs. other‐focused) used in recruiting advertisements on applicant attraction to firms through two experimental studies across three countries (the United States, China, and Singapore). In Study 1, we made a traditional cultural comparison between the United States and China, whose dominant cultural values are characterized by individualism and collectivism, respectively. We found applicants in the United States were more strongly attracted to firms whose recruiting advertisements were based on an ego‐focused emotional appeal, while applicants in China were more attracted to firms that used ads with an other‐focused emotional appeal. Study 2 was conducted in bicultural Singapore. We primed bicultural applicants to be either the individualistic or collectivistic aspect of their cultural heritage. Applicants with individualist priming were attracted to recruiting advertisements with an ego‐focused emotional appeal, whereas applicants with collectivist priming were attracted to advertisements with an other‐focused emotional appeal. In addition, both studies revealed that a job applicant's regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) mediated the influence of national culture on the relationship between type of emotional appeal and applicant attraction to firms. Practical implications and suggestions for future research also are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.