O3对水稻叶片氮代谢、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响

臭氧(O3)被认为是重要的气污染物之一,水稻又是主要的粮食作物,因而准确地评估O3浓度升高对水稻生长发育的影响具有十分重要的意义。采用开顶式气室法模拟研究了O3对水稻叶片可见伤害症状、氮代谢、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响。结果显示,O3污染胁迫会导致水稻叶片产生明显的伤害症状,具体表现为:老叶叶鞘褪绿,有褐斑,直至完全干枯;稻穗小且黄化,籽粒不饱满;水稻成熟期提前等。O3浓度升高对水稻叶片的硝酸还原酶活性有显著影响。当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,水稻叶片硝酸还原酶活性与对照组相比均降低,其中,分蘖期分别降低了25.3%、67.4%和86.3%;拔节期分别降低了57.4%、75.7%和97.8%;抽穗期分别降低了91.0%、97.2%和99.3%;乳熟期分别降低了89.5%、89.5%和96.7%。水稻叶片铵态氮和硝态氮含量随着O3浓度的升高而显著地降低,例如当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,与对照相比,水稻叶片硝态氮含量分别降低46.3%、52.7%和65.7%,铵态氮含量分别降低6.5%、12.9%和43.4%。O3污染胁迫下水稻叶片脯氨酸含量在不同生长期变化不同,分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期脯氨酸含量在40nL.L-1浓度O3熏蒸下急剧地提高,但是随着O3浓度的增加,脯氨酸含量又不断地降低。在水稻乳熟期,脯氨酸含量均随着O3浓度的增加而显著地下降。O3污染胁迫导致水稻叶片还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著低于对照组,而氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量显著高于对照组。当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,乳熟期水稻叶片GSH含量分别比对照组降低68.7%、80.2%和78.2%,GSSG含量分别比对照提高494.4%、527.2%和439.8%。研究表明,O3污染胁迫对水稻叶片氮代谢和抗氧化系统产生了极显著的影响。     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾风险分析及避难转移安置研究

以潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾避难转移安置为研究对象,利用Mike21技术,建立潖江蓄滞洪区洪水演进数值模型,模拟北江遭遇300年一遇洪水时,在潖江口泄洪,潖江蓄滞洪区内洪水演进,分析潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾风险.通过实地调查,结合历史洪水情况,利用潖江蓄滞洪区DEM数据、Google地图及最快避难转移安置时间分析法,详细设计了潖江蓄滞洪区内各行政村落遭遇洪灾时避难转移与人员安置,为潖江蓄滞洪区启用预案科学编制及防洪减灾提供科学依据.     

Municipal solid waste management in Dalian: practices and challenges

The fast growing of urban areas in developing countries has brought serious problems on municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It will be rational to adopt an integrated approach to deal with such a challenge so that the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management could be improved. To better examine how attributes of integrated MSW management are being interpreted and put into practice, and to explore what changes should be made to improve the application of integrated MSW management, we employ a case study method so that lessons learned could be used to inform initiatives in other cities and the potential solution may offer feasible strategies. The case study city is Dalian, a typical seaport city with fast growing rate in economy. The outcomes of this case study show us that fragmented management structure, ineffective and inefficient enforcement of relevant regulations, backward technologies, limited financial resources and lack of public participation are main barriers for the implementation of integrated MSW management. Consequently, in order to overcome these barriers, we propose an integrated management framework on MSW management, aiming to maximize the overall eco-efficiency of MSW management.     

Stabilization of Cd-, Pb-, Cu- and Zn-contaminated calcareous agricultural soil using red mud: a field experiment

Red mud (RM) was used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils. Experiments with two different dosages of RM added to soils were carried out in this study. It was found that soil pH increased 0.3 and 0.5 unit with the dosage of 3 and 5% (wt%), respectively. At the dosage of 5%, the highest stabilization efficiencies for Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn reached 67.95, 64.21, 43.73 and 63.73%, respectively. The addition of RM obviously transferred Cd from the exchangeable fraction to the residual fraction. Meanwhile, in comparison with the control (no RM added), it reduced 24.38, 49.20, 19.42 and 8.89% of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in wheat grains at the RM addition dosage of 5%, respectively. At the same time, the yield of wheat grains increased 17.81 and 24.66% at the RM addition dosage of 3 and 5%, respectively. Finally, the addition of RM did not change the soil bacterial community. These results indicate that RM has a great potential in stabilizing heavy metals in calcareous agricultural soils.

     

黄河流域生态补偿研究进展与展望

黄河流域是我国重要的生态功能区,在全国经济社会发展格局中具有重要作用。生态补偿作为保护流域生态环境、促进人与自然和谐的重要手段,在推动黄河流域高质量发展过程中具有重要作用。本文从流域区段、评价方法、影响效应、优化思路、保障机制等方面对黄河流域生态补偿的理论和实践成果进行了综述,同时提出加强多学科协同攻关、构建具有区域特征的生态补偿模式、加快建立以海定陆的生态补偿机制、注重生态损害形成机制和程度评估、加强构建多元化生态补偿保障体系等未来研究中需要深化和完善的几点建议,以期为中国经济高质量发展阶段黄河流域生态补偿的理论与实践研究提供启示和借鉴。     

The Effect of Protective Gloves on Manual Dexterity in the Cold Environments

This article presents a study on the effect of different protective gloves (which are commercially available and commonly used in the cold) on manual dexterity in cold environments. The experiments compared statistically four different types of gloves and two different types of gloving (outer or double) at +19 °C and -10 °C. Performance was determined both objectively and subjectively using two manual dexterity tasks: bolt-nut and pick-up tasks. The response measured was the time of performing each task. Statistical analysis showed that all independent factors such as glove type, participant, object size, and temperature had significant effects on the hand cooling reaction. A significant difference in the performance between the gloves was found in the bolt-nut task. It was also found that outer-inner combination gloving may be an approach to use for precision tasks.     

环保职业教育中环保行指委的角色期待

在分析目前环保职业教育存在问题的基础上,提出为进一步发挥环保行指委的作用,推动环保职业教育的发展与创新,环保职业院校对环保行指委的角色期待。环保行指委在环境保护职业教育中应该扮演专家、组织者、指导者、支持者、平台和桥梁以及监督者的角色。     

电动增压补气消除柴油机瞬态加速冒烟的试验

将自行开发的、适用车载24V电源的电动增压补气系统在一台490QDI柴油机上进行了实验研究.实验工况包括起始负荷分别为0和40N.m的加载加速的瞬态工况以及1400r·min-1、60N·m,1600 r·min-1、90N-m和1800 r.min-1、120N·m 3种低转速、大扭矩稳态工况,针对以上工况分别进行了有无电动增压补气的实验.试验结果表明,有电动增压补气的柴油机同原机相比,零负荷加载加速时的微粒排放降低达70%以上,瞬间输出功率最大可提高54.5%;在稳态工况时,HC、CO排放都随着电机转速的升高而降低,最大减少量分别达到66.7%和75.O%;波许烟度平均减小50%以上.此外,加速补气对提高燃油经济性也有一定效果,比油耗最大能降低7.46%.     

Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.