Biotreatment of chromite ore processing residue by Pannonibacter phragmitetus BB

Chromite ore processing residues (COPR) is the source of the Cr(VI) contamination in the environment. Pannonibacter phragmitetus BB was used to treat two different types of COPRs in this research. The water-soluble Cr(VI) of COPR A and B is 3,982.9 and 1,181.4 mg/kg, respectively. In the column biotreatment process, P. phragmitetus BB can reduce Cr(VI) in the leachate to an undetectable level at the flow rate of 1 and 2 ml/min. In the direct biotreatment process, Cr(VI) in the liquid supernatant of COPR A and B decreased from 265 and 200 mg/l to 145 and 40 mg/kg after 240 h of incubation. In one-step and two-step biotreatment processes, Cr(VI) in the liquid supernatant of both COPRs can be reduced to an undetectable level. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure results indicate that the Cr(VI) concentration of treated COPR A (3.48 mg/l) is lower than the identification standards for hazardous wastes of China (5 mg/l) (GB 5085.6-2007). The information obtained in this study has significance for the application of P. phragmitetus BB to remediate COPR contamination.     

Improving artificial forest biomass estimates using afforestation age information from time series Landsat stacks

China maintains the largest artificial forest area in the world. Studying the dynamic variation of forest biomass and carbon stock is important to the sustainable use of forest resources and understanding of the artificial forest carbon budget in China. In this study, we investigated the potential of Landsat time series stacks for aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation in Yulin District, a key region of the Three-North Shelter region of China. Firstly, the afforestation age was successfully retrieved from the Landsat time series stacks in the last 40 years (from 1974 to 2013) and shown to be consistent with the surveyed tree ages, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) value of 4.32 years and a determination coefficient (R ²) of 0.824. Then, the AGB regression models were successfully developed by integrating vegetation indices and tree age. The simple ratio vegetation index (SR) is the best candidate of the commonly used vegetation indices for estimating forest AGB, and the forest AGB model was significantly improved using the combination of SR and tree age, with R ² values from 0.50 to 0.727. Finally, the forest AGB images were mapped at eight epochs from 1985 to 2013 using SR and afforestation age. The total forest AGB in seven counties of Yulin District increased by 20.8 G kg, from 5.8 G kg in 1986 to 26.6 G kg in 2013, a total increase of 360 %. For the persistent forest area since 1974, the forest AGB density increased from 15.72 t/ha in 1986 to 44.53 t/ha in 2013, with an annual rate of about 0.98 t/ha. For the artificial forest planted after 1974, the AGB density increased about 1.03 t/ha a year from 1974 to 2013. The results present a noticeable carbon increment for the planted artificial forest in Yulin District over the last four decades.     

我国环境管理模式的转变

本文通过对我国的环境管理发展历程分析后认为,我国的环境管理模式已由过去单一的管理模式转变为强化执法监督、加大投入、注重技术相互结合的综合型管理模式,在继续强化执法监督的同时,不断提高环保投入的比例和不断增加科技含量,是环境管理发展的趋势。     

1960年以来山西秋季连阴雨的气候特征分析

利用山西省66个测站1960-2009年秋季(9-11)月的逐日降水量,采用线性倾向估计、累积距平法、EOF及Morlct小波分析方法,系统地分析了山西秋季连阴雨的变化趋势和时空结构特征,建立了秋季连阴雨强度指数模型。结果表明:山西秋季年际区域性连阴雨次数和阴雨日数呈明显的线性减少趋势,过程雨量呈波动上升趋势,连阴雨次数的累积距平表现为"三升两降"型变化;山西秋季连阴雨的年际和年代际变化特征明显,1960-1970年代中期,有5~6年的周期变化,1990年代后期有2年的周期变化特征,年代际变化呈"波动状"变化规律;全省秋季连阴雨从南到北呈递减分布,除北部的天镇、山阴、繁峙等呈增加趋势外,各代表站表现为一致的减少趋势,南部、东南部及五台山为连阴雨多发区,大同盆地、忻州盆地、太原盆地为少发区;山西秋季连阴雨存在2~3年、8年左右的显著振荡周期。1970年代中期到1980年代中期,8年左右振荡周期的振幅最大,能量最强,是周期振荡最强的阶段。     

围海造地生态补偿机制探析

为缓解人地矛盾,维持社会经济发展,围海造地已成了许多沿海区域扩增建设用地的首选.但围海造地工程在带来巨大利益的同时,也给海洋生态坏境带来了一系列的负面影响,造成了新的不平衡.本文在围海造地环境影响分析及其生态补偿问题研究的基础上,从环境法的视角出发,对中国围海造地生态补偿制度的构建提出建议,最终达到使中国围海造地生态补偿制度的总体法律体系框架及具体的制度内容得以较为全面的完善与健全的目的.     

2010-2013年我国柴油车黑碳排放状况分析

我国柴油车的快速增长给我国柴油车污染治理带来了极大的压力,柴油车黑碳排放的研究有益于对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化采取积极的措施。研究表明,从2010年到2013年,我国柴油车增长了23%,柴油类汽车保有量约增长了约43.3%;而我国柴油车的黑碳排放量出现先增后减的趋势,2013年我国柴油机动车的黑碳排放量约为33.33万吨,比2012年减少了2.8%;河南、河北、山东、广东和内蒙五个省(自治区)柴油机动车的黑碳排放约占全国黑碳排放的37.3%。研究结果初步显示了我国柴油车污染控制的效果。     

秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气技术现状进展

秸秆是世界上数量最大的可再生资源,但是秸秆内木质纤维素的复杂结构和难降解性限制了秸秆的应用,因此秸秆预处理成为秸秆发酵产气的重要一环。本文介绍了木质纤维素预处理物理技术、化学技术、生物技术、联合处理技术和秸秆厌氧发酵研究进展,并对秸秆预处理技术前景进行展望。     

Water Hyacinth in China: A Sustainability Science-Based Management Framework

The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has resulted in enormous ecological and economic consequences worldwide. Although the spread of this weed in Africa, Australia, and North America has been well documented, its invasion in China is yet to be fully documented. Here we report that since its introduction about seven decades ago, water hyacinth has infested many water bodies across almost half of China’s territory, causing a decline of native biodiversity, alteration of ecosystem services, deterioration of aquatic environments, and spread of diseases affecting human health. Water hyacinth infestations have also led to enormous economic losses in China by impeding water flows, paralyzing navigation, and damaging irrigation and hydroelectricity facilities. To effectively control the rampage of water hyacinth in China, we propose a sustainability science-based management framework that explicitly incorporates principles from landscape ecology and Integrated Pest Management. This framework emphasizes multiple-scale long-term monitoring and research, integration among different control techniques, combination of control with utilization, and landscape-level adaptive management. Sustainability science represents a new, transdisciplinary paradigm that integrates scientific research, technological innovation, and socioeconomic development of particular regions. Our proposed management framework is aimed to broaden the currently dominant biological control-centered view in China and to illustrate how sustainability science can be used to guide the research and management of water hyacinth.     

Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014–2016

With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014–2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O_3,decreased. Spatially, the PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO_2 and O_3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days(i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM_(2.5) was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O_3, PM_(10), and NO_2.However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O_3 pollution worsened.Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM_(2.5) concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O_3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity.The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions.During 2014–2016, PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_x, CO, NH_3, and volatile organic compound(VOC)emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.     

高炉渣制备光催化剂及其催化活性的研究

以废弃的冶金高炉渣为原料,采用混酸酸溶-水热合成法制备了光催化剂,并对其进行了SEM、UV-Vis、XRD、比表面积等物性测试分析;通过处理甲基橙模拟废水,探讨了制备过程中渣酸比、混酸配比、渣用量、溶渣时间等条件对高炉渣制光催化剂活性的影响。将所制光催化剂与P25光催化剂进行对比分析,结果表明,高炉渣制光催化剂不仅具有较高的光催化活性,而且制备成本低廉,仅为P25光催化剂的1/10,这对于冶金高炉渣的循环再利用及光催化氧化技术的工业化应用具有重要的实际意义。