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61.
Summary The sources of dark smoke and particulate elemental carbon (PEC) in the London and United Kingdom atmospheres have been estimated from emission inventories. Diesels are responsible for about 60 percent of the dark smoke and 95 percent of the PEC in London, and about 30 percent of the dark smoke and 90 percent of the PEC in the UK. The role of PEC in the soiling of materials is considered. An experimental programme in the Hatfield Tunnel revealed a soiling rate constant of 1.9 yr–1. The socio-economic implications of building soiling are considered.Dr Trudie Mansfield completed her postgraduate training at Middlesex Polytechnic, where her research supervisor, Dr Ron Hamilton, and Bryan Ellis are members of staff in the Urban Pollution Research Centre (address, Bounds Green Road, London N11 2NQ) and Peter Newby is a staff member in the School of Geography (address, Queensway, Enfield EN3 4SF). Trudie Mansfield is a Senior Scientific Officer in the Air Quality Division of the Department of the Environment. 相似文献
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J. Durban D. Ellifrit M. Dahlheim J. Waite C. Matkin L. Barrett-Lennard G. Ellis R. Pitman R. LeDuc P. Wade 《Marine Biology》2010,157(7):1591-1604
We used photographic mark-recapture methods to estimate the number of mammal-eating “transient” killer whales using the coastal
waters from the central Gulf of Alaska to the central Aleutian Islands, around breeding rookeries of endangered Steller sea
lions. We identified 154 individual killer whales from 6,489 photographs collected between July 2001 and August 2003. A Bayesian
mixture model estimated seven distinct clusters (95% probability interval = 7–10) of individuals that were differentially
covered by 14 boat-based surveys exhibiting varying degrees of association in space and time. Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods
were used to sample identification probabilities across the distribution of clusters to estimate a total of 345 identified
and undetected whales (95% probability interval = 255–487). Estimates of covariance between surveys, in terms of their coverage
of these clusters, indicated spatial population structure and seasonal movements from these near-shore waters, suggesting
spatial and temporal variation in the predation pressure on coastal marine mammals. 相似文献
64.
Geraint Thomas Gwyn Oakley Richard Bambrey 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2010,88(2):75-90
The paper summarizes the results of experimental tests and accompanying analyses to investigate the factors that govern flame acceleration and potential transition to detonation in a relatively long unobstructed piping system. The overall aim of the work was to obtain sufficient experimental data so as to be able to develop and evaluate methodologies for classifying and predicting potential detonation flame acceleration and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) hazard in industrial process pipes and mixtures. The present results show that the flame acceleration process in an unobstructed pipe exhibit three distinct phases: an initial establishment phase; a second rapid acceleration phase and a final transition to detonation phase. Test results with ethylene indicate that the acceleration process is not sensitive to initial pressure (all other parameters remaining constant) but can be sensitivity to initial pipe wall temperature or possibly mixture humidity. The presence of bends increases the local rate of turbulent combustion, an effect attributed to the additional turbulence generated downstream of the bend. For straight pipes, detonation was only observed to develop for hydrogen–air and ethylene–air mixtures. Detonation was not observed with methane, propane or acetone as fuel in the present piping apparatus. 相似文献
65.
This paper presents an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a novel passenger monitoring system based on RFID technology for implementation onboard passenger ships. Such a system will be able to detect and keep track of passengers onboard the ship in emergency situations in order to provide crucial decision support to the officer in charge of evacuation. This will lead to increased safety and security on passenger ships. However, this increased safety will come at a certain cost. A methodology in line with Formal Safety Assessment is employed in order to assess the cost-effectiveness of the system, involving a thorough risk analysis. 相似文献
66.
A.R. Rickard K.P. Wyche A. Metzger P.S. Monks A.M. Ellis J. Dommen U. Baltensperger M.E. Jenkin M.J. Pilling 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5423-5433
A detailed gas-phase photochemical chamber box model, incorporating the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1) degradation scheme for the model anthropogenic aromatic compound 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, has been used to simulate data measured during a series of aerosol chamber experiments in order to evaluate the mechanism under a variety of VOC/NOx conditions.The chamber model was used in the interpretation of comprehensive high (mass and time) resolution measurements of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and its photo-oxidation products recorded by a Chemical Ionisation Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (CIR-TOF-MS). Supporting gas and aerosol measurements have also enabled us to explore the ‘missing link’ between the gas and aerosol phases. Model-measurement comparisons have been used to gain insight into the complex array of oxygenated products formed, including the peroxide bicyclic ring opening products (α,β-unsaturated-γ-dicarbonyls and furanones) and the O2-bridged peroxide bicyclic ring-retaining products. To our knowledge this is the first time such high molecular weight species, corresponding to various peroxide bicyclic products represented in the MCMv3.1, have been observed in the gas-phase. The model was also used to give insight into which gas-phase species were participating in SOA formation, with the primary and secondary peroxide products, formed primarily under low NOx conditions, identified as likely candidates. 相似文献
67.
Technology and information transfer are critical functions within the remediation industry. Researchers in the private sector, academia, and government all struggle to have their findings accepted and put to good use by the remediation industry at large but must work even harder to have their findings accepted and put into practice by state and federal regulators in the environmental agencies overseeing cleanups. Unfortunately, many technology and information transfer efforts fail to reach state and federal regulators, and even fewer achieve regulatory acceptance. A two‐year‐long campaign to deliver a training class on the natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater is one prominent example of very effective technology and information transfer. Several of the elements and aspects of that successful training class are presented and discussed in order to provide others with a proven and workable template. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
68.
Ellis Blade Edward F. Ferrand 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):873-878
During the heating season SO2 levels at three stations in New York City exhibit irregular hourly and daily variation about a long-term repeating annual sine wave which peaks in mid-January. This sine wave varies slightly in phase from station to station, but is nearly coincident in time with long term Normal Temperature observed at Central Park. During summer, SO2 levels at these stations remain relatively constant at their lowest values. On a daily basis, SO2 levels tend to exhibit a characteristic bimodality during the heating season. The paper concludes with suggestions for further analysis. Mathematical convenience suggests defining “pollution winter” and ”pollution summer” in agreement with the high and low regions of the sine wave. The frequency distribution for the pollution winter lies considerably above, and that for pollution summer lies considerably below the twelve year distribution for all seasons combined 相似文献
69.
Mary K. Stinson Herbert S. Skovronek William D. Ellis 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(1):96-103
A pilot-scale soil washing process, patented by BioTrol, Inc., was demonstrated on soil contaminated by wood treating waste, primarily pentachlorophenol (PCP) and creosote-derived polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although soil washing was the main object of this demonstration, the treatment train that was evaluated included two other BioTrol technologies for treatment of waste streams from the soil washer. The three technologies were: ? The BioTrol Soil Washer (BSW)—a volume reduction process, which uses water to separate contaminated soil fractions from the bulk of the soil. ? The BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)—a biological water treatment process. ? The Slurry Bioreactor (SBR)—a BioTrol biological slurry treatment process conducted in an EIMCO BIOLIFTtm reactor. The sandy soil at the site, consisting of less than 10 percent of fines, was well suited for treatment by soil washing. The soil washer was evaluated in two tests on soil samples containing 130 ppm and 680 ppm of PCP, respectively. The BSW successfully separated the feed soil (dry weight basis) into 83 percent of washed soil, 10 percent of woody residues, and 7 percent of fines. The washed soil retained about 10 percent of the feed soil contamination while 90 percent of the feed soil contamination was contained within the woody residues, fines, and process water. The soil washer achieved up to 89 percent removal of PCP and 88 percent of total PAHs, based on the difference between their levels in the as-is (wet) feed soil and the washed soil. PCP concentrations of 14 ppm and 87ppm in the washed soil were achieved from PCP concentrations of 130 ppm and 680ppm in the feed soil. Concentrations of total PAHs were reduced from 247 ppm to 42 ppm and 404 ppm to 48 ppm, respectively, in the two tests. The BATS degraded up to 94 percent of PCP in the process water from soil washing. PAH removal could not be determined due to low influent concentrations. The SBR achieved over 90 percent removals of PCP and 70 to 90 percent removals of PAHs from the slurry of contaminated fines from soil washing. However, steady state operation was not achieved during the single test and the results were variable. Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing, assuming use of all three technologies, was estimated to be $168 per ton of soil treated. Incineration of woody material accounts for 76 percent of the cost. 相似文献
70.