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排序方式: 共有149条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Gilles Carbonnier 《Disasters》2015,39(2):189-207
The humanitarian sector has grown enormously over the past two decades. Some fear that professionalisation comes at the expense of altruistic volunteering. This may be a valid concern if altruism is the product of organisational culture and individual experiences rather than an innate trait. This paper examines advances in evolutionary biology and neurology that provide evidence in support of both the nature and nurture arguments, echoing earlier insights from social sciences. It then questions to what extent humanitarian principles build on altruistic impulses or instead seek to constrain them, and reviews recruitment profiles of selected humanitarian organisations and applicants' letters accordingly. This initial investigation warrants further research to identify how altruism as a personal trait and an organisational principle has influenced diverse humanitarian actors and traditions. This paper outlines how training curricula and organisational reward systems can build on—rather than stifle—natural altruism to nurture critical, reflexive practitioners. 相似文献
52.
53.
Stefan Garthe William A. Montevecchi Gilles Chapdelaine Jean-Francois Rail April Hedd 《Marine Biology》2007,151(2):687-694
In order to forage and to provision offspring effectively, seabirds negotiate a complex of behavioural, energetic, environmental
and social constraints. In first tests of GPS loggers with seabirds in North America, we investigated the foraging tactics
of free-ranging northern gannets (Sula bassana) at a large and a medium-sized colony that differed in oceanography, coastal position and prey fields. Gannets at Low Arctic
colony (Funk Island) 50 km off the northeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada provisioned chicks almost entirely with small forage
fish (capelin Mallotus villosus, 89%), while at boreal colony (Bonaventure Island) 3 km from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Canada, large pelagic
fish dominated parental prey loads (Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus 50%, Atlantic herring Clupea harengus 33%). Mean foraging range and the total distance travelled per foraging trip were significantly greater at the larger inshore
colony (Bonaventure) than at the smaller offshore colony (Funk Island; 138 and 452 km vs. 64 and 196 km, respectively). Gannets
from Funk Island consistently travelled inshore to forage on reproductive capelin shoals near the coast, whereas foraging
flights of birds from Bonaventure were much more variable in direction and destination. Birds from the Low Arctic colony foraged
in colder sea surface water than did birds from the boreal colony, and dive characteristics differed between colonies, which
is concordent with the difference in prey base. Differences between the colonies reflect oceanographic and colony-size influences
on prey fields that shape individual foraging tactics and in turn generate higher level colony-specific foraging “strategies”. 相似文献
54.
Pignon Baptiste Borel Cynthia Lajnef Mohamed Richard Jean-Romain Szöke Andrei Hemery François Leboyer Marion Foret Gilles Schürhoff Franck 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(59):88577-88586
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Particulate matters with a diameter of less than 10 µm (PM10) or less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) are major air pollutants. Their... 相似文献
55.
Yingtan Yu Suqi Li Xinzi Peng Shaojie Yang Yifan Zhu Long Chen Feng Wu Gilles Mailhot 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2016,14(4):527-532
There is actually a need for efficient methods to clean waters and wastewaters from pollutants such as the bisphenol A endocrine disrupter. Advanced oxidation processes currently use persulfate or peroxymonosulfate to generate sulfate radicals. There are, however, few reports on the use of sulfite to generate sulfate radicals, instead of persulfate or peroxymonosulfate, except for dyes. Here we studied the degradation of the bisphenol A using iron(III) as catalyst and sulfite as precursor of oxysulfur radicals, at initial pH of 6, under UV irradiation at 395 nm. The occurrence of radicals was checked by quenching with tert-butyl alcohol and ethanol. Bisphenol A degradation products were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Results reveal that iron(III) or iron(II) have a similar oxidation efficiency. Quenching experiments show that the oxidation rate of bisphenol A is 47.7 % for SO 4 ·? , 37.3 % for SO 5 ·? and 15 % for HO·. Bisphenol A degradation products include catechol and quinone derivatives. Overall, our findings show that the photo-iron(III)–sulfite system is efficient for the oxidation of bisphenol A at circumneutral pH. 相似文献
56.
Hana Měšťánková Gilles Mailhot Jaromír Jirkovský Josef Krýsa Michèle Bolte 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(2):127-132
Photodegradation kinetics of Monuron (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in photoreactor with immobilized and suspended
TiO2 photocatalyst were studied. The effect of addition of ferric or ferrous perchlorate was investigated. Whatever the concentration
of Fe(III/II) added there is no significant negative effect on the photodegradation rate of pollutants. On the contrary, depending
on speciation and concentration of iron salts, slight or marked acceleration of the photodegradation kinetics was observed.
This positive influence was more pronounced in the case of TiO2 suspensions than for TiO2 layers. Fe(III) was generally more effective than Fe(II). 相似文献
57.
Urban planning involves compromise between the diverse and often contradictory issues supported by the different stakeholders. The literature generally agrees on the need to broaden the participation base to overcome this difficulty. However, participation should not be limited to problem solving, but should also take place in the problem setting phase. This paper proposes a participatory diagnosis process for structuring the problem setting phase. We describe an experiment in a participatory diagnosis conducted with the residents of a Geneva neighborhood. The experiment began by identifying the residents' concerns, which were then reformulated under broader issues. Some 20 spatial indicators were built using GIS tools, and were then applied in a second phase of resident consultations to assess the relative importance of each issue. The ensuing priority issues formed the core of the diagnosis. The approach emphasized comparison between the daily experiences of residents and so-called official information (i.e. census tract, traffic measurement, and so on). The residents were therefore involved in a learning process that allowed them to consolidate or modify their opinions. The process led to the emergence of a clearly defined collective awareness that supplanted individual aspirations. 相似文献
58.
59.
Sokolowski A Fichet D Garcia-Meunier P Radenac G Wolowicz M Blanchard G 《Chemosphere》2002,47(5):475-484
Soft tissue accumulated concentrations of nine metals (V, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu and Zn) were studied in two main phenotypes (1) according to external shell colour (white and pink), and (2) according to shell shape (shell with a rounded posterior end--"regular" and with an elongate posterior end and a notable flexure--"irregular") of the Baltic clam Macoma balthica from southern Baltic Sea off Poland. No differences in metal concentrations were observed between colour-based phenotypes. By contrast, "irregular" clams exhibited generally higher concentrations of all elements in their tissues than "regular" bivalves. This finding provides the first reference on a potential linkage of shell deformation with tissue metal concentrations within one entire population of clams living in the same habitat. Different ability of metal handling in the shape-based phenotypes is presumably related to different physiological capacity of the bivalves induced by the selection effect of specific environmental conditions. It is suggested that unfavourable conditions in deep waters of the Gulf of Gdansk (e.g. hypoxia/anoxia, hydrogen sulphide, elevated bioavailability of metals) induces, in a certain part of the population, morphological deformation of shell (thereby leading to irregular shape) and in parallel physiological adaptations which result in greater sensitivity to trace metals of "irregular" clams. This hypothesis however, requires further investigation with special focus on genetic divergences between phenotypes because till now we cannot exclude the co-occurrence of two types (semi-species) of clams in the Gulf: an Atlantic type and a Baltic type. Genetic analysis with a use of DALP technique revealed strong intrapopulational polymorphism but no fingerprints or intraspecific polymorphism characterising any of the phenotypes considered (both colour- and shape-based). Since eight polymorphic loci were clearly identified further studies of population genetic structure hold optimistic promise. 相似文献
60.
Matrix diffusion in saturated rocks with very low permeability is one of the major mechanisms of solute transport. Laboratory out-diffusion experiments on rock samples may provide an estimate of the bulk diffusion coefficient. However, numerous results have shown that this average parameter does not really depict the complex mechanism of diffusion as a function of the internal heterogeneity of crystalline rocks. Two-dimensional images of the porosity distribution in a granite sample were obtained by impregnation with a radioactive resin and autoradiography. Some examples based on these images and synthetic images were used to perform numerical simulations of out-diffusion using two different random walk methods. The simulated shapes of the out-diffusion curves depend on the spatial distribution of the porosity and on the pore connectivity with the border of the sample. Such relations might explain the multiple nested slopes or the convex shapes often observed on real experimental curves. 相似文献