Postnatal investigation of fetal renal disease

The antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of renal tract abnormalities is now firmly established. Postnatal imaging protocols are constantly evolving and still many questions remain unanswered. Most infants are asymptomatic at birth and aggressive imaging is unwarranted both for the infant and overburdened Radiology departments. The urgency with which to undertake imaging relates to the suspected antenatal diagnosis and clinical scenario, with bilateral hydronephrosis, posterior urethral valves and complicated duplex systems taking a high priority. The main imaging modality postnatally remains ultrasound, and together with nuclear medicine gives a powerful combination of both anatomy and function. Intravenous urography is never indicated in the neonate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碳纳米管对孔雀石绿的吸附特性

该文研究了碳纳米管对水中孔雀石绿的吸附性能。结果表明,碳纳米管对孔雀石绿的吸附平衡时间约为4 h左右;假二级动力学模型更适合描述碳纳米管对孔雀石绿的吸附;碳纳米管对水中孔雀石绿的吸附主要受外部传质影响;Langmuir等温模型拟合吸附数据效果最佳,并且最大吸附量为104.49 mg/g(288 K);由D-R等温模型可计算出吸附平均能量分别为29.79(288 K)、30.03(298 K)、28.05(308 K)k J/mol;吸附机制主要以化学吸附为主;随着温度的升高,碳纳米管对孔雀石绿的吸附逐渐降低;碳纳米管对孔雀石绿的吸附行为是自发进行的放热反应;离子强度的增大对吸附量有促进作用;在酸性条件下,碳纳米管对孔雀石绿的吸附量随p H的增加而增大。     

海洋环境水下电磁场激励源综述

通过总结海洋环境水下电磁场源的产生机理、基本特性、频带幅值以及观测方法,确定了不同海域普遍存在、影响程度较大并且规律性较强的场源。最终给出具有重要研究价值的典型场源,即海洋大地电磁场、海浪感应电磁场、海流感应电磁场和工频电磁场。     

电镀废水处理工程设计

电镀废水中合有氰化物,酸,碱以及六价铬,铜,锌,镉,镍等重金属污染物,毒性很大,危害严重.因此,电镀废水的治理仍是一个不可忽略的问题.本设计针对镀锌废水,根据我国现行的环保法规,采用化学沉淀法对废水进行处理.出水可达到国家污水综合排放标准(GB8996-1996).本工艺通过对离子交换法和电解法的比较,采用化学沉淀法为主体工艺,并结合过滤技术对镀锌废水进行处理,同时对主要处理构筑物和设备进行了设计计算和选型并对工艺效益和工艺成本进行初步分析,经处理后的电镀废水达到国家污水综合排放标准(GB8996-1996).     

水稻对气态单质汞的吸收与挥发

湿地是汞的重要富集场所,其还原性底质会促进气态单质汞的产生.湿地植物已进化出一系列适应淹水环境的生态特征,其中发达的通气组织可以从大气向根部输送氧气满足根系的呼吸作用.以水稻这一典型的湿地植物为例,研究其根系及通气组织是否也能成为根际气态汞向大气运输的通道,并探究其过程和影响因素.通过设计密闭分室培养装置将水稻根部与地上部分隔开,对水稻根部进行汞蒸气暴露,并通过气体吸收剂吸收由叶片挥发出的气态汞.结果表明,水稻可以从根系吸收气态单质汞并向地上组织迁移,其中根系的汞含量与水稻根孔隙度呈显著负相关,并呈二次拟合(R=0.8309,P0.01);而水稻地上部汞迁移量与水稻根表面积和根体积均呈线性正相关(R=0.896,P0.01;R=0.871,P0.01).由根系吸收的汞最终可通过水稻叶片挥发进入大气,叶片汞的挥发量随着叶片面积的增加呈线性增加(R=0.897,P0.01),单位叶面积汞挥发量与水稻蒸腾作用强度呈线性显著正相关(R=0.73,P0.01).证明了水稻根系不仅能吸收气态单质汞,并且能将汞从根部转运到地上部,再通过叶片的气孔释放到空气中.为进一步揭示湿地生态系统中汞的迁移及调控机制提供了科学依据.     

R134a在水平环形通道内的凝结换热性能

在空气源热泵热水器中,对水平套管冷凝器环形通道内R134a的凝结换热特性进行实验研究。在冷凝器不同进水流量、进水温度时,实验测试了水平套管冷凝器凝结换热系数随热流密度、冷凝压力及干度的变化。实验工况为:冷凝器的进水流量为0.6~1.0 m~3/h,进水温度为15~60℃。实验结果表明:水平环形通道内R134a的凝结换热系数随热流密度和冷凝压力(温度)的升高而减小,当冷凝压力为1.3 MPa,热流密度由18 k W/m2增加至20.5 k W/m~2时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了6.9%;当热流密度为15 k W/m~2,冷凝压力由1.78 MPa增大至1.83 MPa时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了5.8%。R134a的局部凝结换热系数随干度的增大而增大,当冷凝压力为1.1 MPa,热流密度为18.3 k W/m~2,制冷剂干度由0.1增大至0.9时,R134a的局部凝结换热系数增大了24.4%。     

溢油污染处置技术现状分析

大规模的海洋溢油常常导致非常严重的环境污染事件和生态灾难,溢油事故应急是世界应急技术领域面临的重大技术难题。文章通过引用典型事故案例和国内事故概况说明了溢油事故的巨大风险及其危害,分析油品入水、扩散、漂移以及着陆四个不同事故演化阶段的污染特征,系统梳理溢油事故应急的物理、化学和生物处置方法,并通过对比各类方法的适用范围和优缺点,总结当前溢油应急处置技术、应急能力以及环境适应性等方面存在的不足,提出加强溢油应急处置能力应该在提高应急装备能力、开发新技术产品、建立全球联动机制等方面加强努力。     

胶粘剂对芳纶无纬布防弹性能的影响

通过物理共混的方法,将固化剂及消泡剂加入到丙烯酸酯胶粘剂中,从而改善丙烯酸酯胶粘剂织造的无纬布表面粘手及不平整的问题,并利用电子拉力实验机对无纬布进行力学性能测试。研究表明：固化剂的添加可明显提高布样的粘结强度,并且布样的表面不粘手;消泡剂的添加能够明显改善布样的表观质量,布样表面平整、无气泡;添加固化剂可提高布样的力学性能,同时还可提高了材料的防弹性能,子弹穿透层数减少,布样的平均凹陷明显降低,减少了对人体的二次钝伤。     

Indirect benefits of symbiotic coccoids for an ant-defended myrmecophytic tree

The net benefits of mutualism depend directly on the costs and effectiveness of mutualistic services and indirectly on the interactions that affect those services. We examined interactions among Cordia alliodora myrmecophytic trees, their symbiotic ants Azteca pittieri, coccoid hemipterans, and foliar herbivores in two Neotropical dry forests. The tree makes two investments in symbiotic ants: it supplies nesting space, as domatia, and it provides phloem to coccoids, which then produce honeydew that is consumed by ants. Although higher densities of coccoids should have higher direct costs for trees, we asked whether higher densities of coccoids can also have higher indirect benefits for trees by increasing the effectiveness of ant defense against foliar herbivores. We found that trees benefited from ant defense against herbivores. Ants defended trees effectively only when colonies reached high densities within trees, and ant and coccoid densities within trees were strongly positively correlated. The benefits of reduced foliar herbivory by larger ant colonies were therefore indirectly controlled by the number of coccoids. Coccoid honeydew supply also affected per capita ant aggression against tree herbivores. Ants experimentally fed a carbohydrate-rich diet, analogous to sugar obtained from coccoids, were more aggressive against caterpillars per capita than ants fed a carbohydrate-poor diet. Ant defense was more effective on more valuable and vulnerable young leaves than on older leaves. Young domatia, associated with young leaves, contained higher coccoid densities than older domatia, which suggests that coccoids may also drive spatially favorable ant defense of the tree. If higher investments by one mutualistic partner are tied to higher benefits received from the other, there may be positive feedback between partners that will stabilize the mutualism. These results suggest that higher investment by trees in coccoids leads to more effective defense by ants against the tree's foliar herbivores.