Bioavailability,mobility, and toxicity of Cu in soils around the Dexing Cu mine in China

Total concentration is not a reliable indicator of Cu mobility or its bioavailability in soils. The chemical fraction determines the behavior of Cu in soils and hence its toxicity for terrestrial biota. We used the sequential extraction procedure and barley toxicity tests to examine the transfer of Cu in soils around the Dexing Cu mine and to make an ecological risk assessment of Cu in this area. The bioavailable Cu (exchangeable Cu and carbonate-bound Cu) in each soil profile did not change significantly with soil depth, indicating that the Cu itself was vertically mobile and thus potentially a higher risk to the environment. Cu toxicity and bioaccumulation in plants varied with the soil physicochemical characteristics [e.g., pH, clay content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC)] and the level of bioavailable Cu. Multiple regression analysis revealed that bioavailable Cu and CEC could be used to predict Cu toxicity to barley and that other characteristics (such as soil pH, clay content, or total organic carbon) did not predict the risk of toxicity as well as CEC. For the soil to be suitable for agriculture use, treatment of the local soil contamination with guest soil reclamation and phytoremediation with heavy metal-resistant plants would be necessary.     

北京市城乡环境梯度下街尘中重金属污染特征

街尘是引起城镇面源污染分布最为广泛、最重要的污染物载体.以城乡环境梯度为出发点,以北京地区的中心城区-城中村-郊区区县-乡镇-农村村庄的街尘为研究对象,并对街尘的粒径进行分级,分析城乡环境梯度下街尘的单位面积质量、粒径组成的分异规律和街尘的重金属含量及赋存形态,揭示城乡环境梯度对街尘及其负载的中重金属污染的影响和街尘中重金属污染的粒径效应,以期为我国城市化进程中街尘的源头控制和分层次管理提供科学依据.结果表明,街尘中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn这5种重金属浓度以中心城区最高,农村村庄最低,单位面积街尘量则相反.街尘中Ni、Pb、Zn的弱酸可提取态比例较高(19.1%、11.1%、34.8%),Cr和Cu则相对较低(3.7%、2.1%).粒径<105μm街尘对重金属总量的贡献率(32.4%～62.4%)要大于其所占总质量比例(22.9%～49.6%).对重金属污染在不同城乡环境梯度可采取不同的控制策略:中心城区和郊区区县可加强细粒径冲刷的关注,而农村村庄和城中村则需加强环境卫生管理与改善道路清扫方式和频率.     

Oviposition stimulants and deterrents control acceptance ofAlliaria petiolata byPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea

Summary Differential acceptance of garlic mustard,Alliaria petiolata byPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea is explained by their differential sensitivities to oviposition stimulants and deterrents in the plant. Fractions containing the stimulants and deterrents were isolated by solvent partitioning between water and n-butanol and by open-column chromatography followed by HPLC.P. napi oleracea showed no preference when offered a choice ofA. petiolata or cabbage, but was strongly stimulated to oviposit by post-butanol water extracts ofA. petiolata. The most abundant glucosinolate in this extract was identified as sinigrin, which could explain the high degree of stimulatory activity.P. rapae preferred cabbage plants overA. petiolata, and the relatively low stimulatory activity was also associated with the glucosinolate-containing aqueous extract. However, this species was strongly stimulated by a fraction that contained small amounts of glucotropaeolin along with unknown compounds. Deterrents to both species were found in the butanol extract fromA. petiolata, andP. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to these deterrents. Some HPLC fractions from the BuOH extract were strongly deterrent toP. napi oleracea, but were inactive toP. rapae. The ecological significance of these behavioral differences between the twoPieris species is discussed.     

半密闭罩在酸雾治理中的应用

阐述酸洗工艺线酸雾的产生原因及其危害，通过对2种集气罩：槽边吹—吸式集气罩和半密闭(加罩裙)罩的设计比较，说明采用合适的集气罩形式对酸雾治理的效果影响是巨大的，同时也可降低一定的初期投资和设备运行费用。     

博物馆‑展柜‑浮放文物系统地震滑移与摇摆响应分析∗

目前评估浮放馆藏文物的地震安全性时,未充分考虑博物馆-展柜-文物系统的影响,并通常忽略展柜的动力特性。考虑文物与展柜间浮放界面及结构的非线性、展柜的自振频率和等效为矩形刚体的文物,给出了博物馆-展柜-文物系统解耦的有限元建模方法。以受三条单向地震波作用的某四层框架结构为例,考虑位于地面及不同楼层的四种展柜,对发生纯滑移、纯摇摆及滑移-摇摆运动的三类文物响应进行了分析,并与纯滑移和纯摇摆文物的理论运动方程所得响应进行了对比验证。结果表明：频率为 10 Hz 的展柜中文物的滑移和摇摆响应最大,20 Hz、30 Hz 和刚体展柜中文物的响应接近;随着楼层升高,文物的最大滑移量和摇摆角均增大;文物发生滑移-摇摆运动时的最大滑移量与摇摆角分别小于相同摩擦系数下纯滑移和相同宽高比下纯摇摆的文物,并随着文物宽高比和摩擦系数的增大而减小。     

ENSO事件对珠江中下游地区降水氢氧同位素的影响

水汽源区变化与ENSO事件显著影响季风区水循环过程。基于珠江中下游地区4个GNIP站点（中国香港、广州、桂林、柳州）的降水同位素及OLR（向外长波辐射）数据,研究了ENSO背景下δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征及ENSO事件对降水中氢氧同位素特征的影响机制。结果表明：ENSO事件是影响稳定同位素年际差异的主要因素,通过影响雨季降水的年内分配而实现;正常年大气降水线方程的斜率与截距均大于厄尔尼诺年而小于拉尼娜年;拉尼娜年加强 δ¹⁸O的反温度效应,厄尔尼诺年减弱反温度效应;厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜年热带辐合带的变化规律呈现出相反的趋势,其OLR场的变化与研究区稳定同位素特征有着较强的对应关系;ENSO事件年不同的水汽源区相对湿度特征是造成d值年际差异的主要因素。     

沉湖钻孔沉积物中微生物脂肪酸特征与意义

利用微生物脂肪酸甲酯分析技术研究了江汉平原沉湖湖心滩G1与湖岸G2两沉积柱中微生物群落结构的垂直分布特征及其环境指示意义.结果表明：微生物脂肪酸含量与特征脂肪酸分布特征在浅层（<5m）波动较大,且与深层（5~20m）差异明显;好氧细菌、一般厌氧细菌与革兰氏阳性菌占主要优势,其相对丰度高出深层约一倍.G1位点偏还原环境,其硫酸盐还原菌及其他厌氧细菌的相对丰度与环境胁迫压力（Trans/Cis）均高于G2;与溶氧相关的环境因子,如粒径、深度等是影响其微生物群落组成的关键因子.G2位点水动力条件较强,脂肪酸总量与好氧微生物的相对优势均高于G1,而深层沉积物中总氮、N/P偏低,微生物群落组成主要受碳氮营养源,特别是氮含量的影响.为评估人类活动带来的氮磷污染对湖泊深层微生物的影响提供新的认识.     

Liquid-phase hydrodechlorination of trichloroethylene driven by nascent H2 under an open system: Hydrogenation activity, solvent effect and sulfur poisoning

Hydrodechlorination is a promising technology for the remediation of water body contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). In this work, the liquid-phase hydrogenation of TCE by Raney Ni (R-Ni) and Pd/C under an open system have been studied, in which nascent H₂ (Nas-H₂) generated in situ from the cathode acted as a hydrogen source. Experimental results showed that TCE was completely eliminate from the solution through the synergistic effects of hydrodechlorination and air flotation due to the formation of continuous micro/nano-sized Nas-H₂ bubbles from the cathode. Furthermore, the effects of inorganic anions and organic solvents on R-Ni and Pd/C hydrogenation activity were investigated, respectively. The results showed that NO₃^? and acetonitrile can form a competitive reaction with TCE; Sulfur with lone-pair electrons will cause irreversible poisoning to these two catalysts, and have a stronger inhibitory effect on Pd/C. This work helps to realize the separation of volatile halogenated compounds from water environment and provides certain data support for the choice of catalyst in the actual liquid-phase hydrogenation system.     

北京市控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

实施PM_2.5污染控制后所带来的居民健康经济效益评估,对推进区域环境空气质量监管、健康预警以及防治等工作具有重要意义.本文采用泊松回归相对危险模型和环境价值评估方法,对2016~2019北京16个辖区年PM_2.5污染控制到二级标准限值35 μg·m^-3后所带来的健康风险及经济效益进行评估.结果显示,2016~2019年北京及其16个辖区PM_2.5浓度、各健康终端效应、经济效益以及人均经济健康效益等均呈现出下降趋势.其中,北京PM_2.5浓度值从2016年的73 μg·m^-3下降至2019年的42 μg·m^-3,年均下降率为16.75%,控制PM_2.5污染的健康总受益人数从2016年的439985例（95%置信区间：183987,653476）下降到2019年的77288例（95%置信区间：30483,120905）,年平均下降率约为42.67%.健康经济效益占GDP的比重从3.16%（95%置信区间：1.10%,4.73%）下降到0.55%（95%置信区间：0.18%,0.88%）,人均健康经济效益从3727.61元（95%置信区间：1303.24,5592.18）下降到906.58元（95%置信区间：295.14,1438.27）.此外,由于PM_2.5浓度、人口数量和密度以及单位健康终端经济价值的差异使得北京16个辖区的健康经济效益、占GDP比重以及人均效益估算结果各有差异,其中丰台、通州和大兴等远高于其他辖区,健康风险与经济效益问题相对突出.