北京市控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

实施PM_2.5污染控制后所带来的居民健康经济效益评估,对推进区域环境空气质量监管、健康预警以及防治等工作具有重要意义.本文采用泊松回归相对危险模型和环境价值评估方法,对2016~2019北京16个辖区年PM_2.5污染控制到二级标准限值35 μg·m^-3后所带来的健康风险及经济效益进行评估.结果显示,2016~2019年北京及其16个辖区PM_2.5浓度、各健康终端效应、经济效益以及人均经济健康效益等均呈现出下降趋势.其中,北京PM_2.5浓度值从2016年的73 μg·m^-3下降至2019年的42 μg·m^-3,年均下降率为16.75%,控制PM_2.5污染的健康总受益人数从2016年的439985例（95%置信区间：183987,653476）下降到2019年的77288例（95%置信区间：30483,120905）,年平均下降率约为42.67%.健康经济效益占GDP的比重从3.16%（95%置信区间：1.10%,4.73%）下降到0.55%（95%置信区间：0.18%,0.88%）,人均健康经济效益从3727.61元（95%置信区间：1303.24,5592.18）下降到906.58元（95%置信区间：295.14,1438.27）.此外,由于PM_2.5浓度、人口数量和密度以及单位健康终端经济价值的差异使得北京16个辖区的健康经济效益、占GDP比重以及人均效益估算结果各有差异,其中丰台、通州和大兴等远高于其他辖区,健康风险与经济效益问题相对突出.     

碳纳米管/BiOBr复合材料的制备及其光催化性能

采用一步溶剂热的方法成功制备了微量多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）修饰的溴氧化铋（BiOBr）复合材料,实现了对盐酸四环素（TC）的高效稳定降解.在MWCNT添加量为0.01mg（0.001wt%）时,制得的MWCNT/BiOBr催化剂具有较低的光致发光强度、较大的光电流和较小的EIS弧,显著提高了光催化效率.性能的显著提高是由于MWCNT的高捕获电子能力,它不仅能增强光吸收,而且还加速了电荷载流子的分离.通过自由基捕获实验和电子自旋共振（ESR）确定其主要活性组分为·O₂^-,并提出了提高复合材料光催化活性的可能机理.     

Understanding the Local Socio-political Processes Affecting Conservation Management Outcomes in Corbett Tiger Reserve,India

Several measures have been recommended to guarantee a sustainable population of tigers: sufficient inviolate spaces for a viable population, sufficient prey populations, trained and skilled manpower to guard against poaching and intrusion, banning trade in tiger products to reduce poaching, and importantly, the political will to precipitate these recommendations into implementation. Of these, the creation of sufficient inviolate spaces (generally in the form of protected areas) has created the most issues with local resource-dependent communities, often resulting in significant challenges for tiger conservation policy and management. Very little empirical research has, however, been done to understand and contextualize the local-level socio-political interactions that may influence the efficacy of tiger conservation in India. In this paper, we present the results of exploratory research into the ways in which local-stakeholder groups affect the management of Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR). Using a combined grounded theory–case study research design, and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework for analysis, we identify the socio-political processes through which local-stakeholder groups are able to articulate their issues and elicit desirable actions from the management of CTR. Increasing our awareness of these processes can help inform the design and implementation of more effective tiger conservation management and policy strategies that have the potential to create more supportive coalitions of tiger conservation stakeholders at the local level.     

Pd/silicalite-1: An highly active catalyst for the oxidative removal of toluene

Catalytic combustion is thought as an efficient and economic pathway to remove volatile organic compounds, and its critical issue is the development of high-performance catalytic materials. In this work, we used the in situ synthesis method to prepare the silicalite-1 (S-1)-supported Pd nanoparticles (NPs). It is found that the as-prepared catalysts displayed a hexagonal prism morphology and a surface area of 390−440 m²/g. The sample (0.28Pd/S-1-H) derived after reduction at 500°C in 10 vol% H₂ showed the best catalytic activity for toluene combustion (T_50% = 180°C and T_90% = 189°C at a space velocity of 40,000 mL/(g·hr), turnover frequency (TOF_Pd) at 160°C = 3.46 × 10⁻³ sec⁻¹, and specific reaction rate at 160°C = 63.8 µmol/(g_Pd·sec)), with the apparent activation energy (41 kJ/mol) obtained over the best-performing 0.28Pd/S-1-H sample being much lower than those (51−70 kJ/mol) obtained over the other samples (0.28Pd/S-1-A derived from calcination at 500°C in air, 0.26Pd/S-1-im derived from the impregnation route, and 0.27Pd/ZSM-5-H prepared after reduction at 500°C in 10 vol% H₂). Furthermore, the 0.28Pd/S-1-H sample possessed good thermal stability and its partial deactivation due to CO₂ or H₂O introduction was reversible, but SO₂ addition resulted in an irreversible deactivation. The possible pathways of toluene oxidation over 0.28Pd/S-1-H was toluene → p-methylbenzoquinone → maleic anhydride, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde → carbon dioxide and water. We conclude that the good dispersion of Pd NPs, high adsorption oxygen species concentration, large toluene adsorption capacity, strong acidity, and more Pd⁰ species were responsible for the good catalytic performance of 0.28Pd/S-1-H.     

固化/稳定化修复后场地中铬的环境行为和归趋:以我国中部某修复后场地为例

为了探讨铬(Cr)在固化/稳定化修复后场地中的环境行为与归趋,通过浸出环境评价框架(LEAF)浸出评价、形态分级以及微观表征,对我国中部某修复后场地土壤中Cr的含量及形态进行3轮次跟踪监测. 结果表明:①跟踪监测试验发现,该修复后场地土壤中总Cr含量下降了18.92%. 在芥菜植株中Cr分布存在差异,其中,芥菜叶中Cr含量高达1.62 mg/kg (以干质量计),芥菜茎中Cr含量为0.69~0.77 mg/kg (以干质量计). 芥菜植株吸收Cr的能力为0.44~3.10 mg/m2,对土壤中总Cr减量化的贡献率最高仅为0.05%;另外,新鲜芥菜植株中Cr含量为0.12~0.69 mg/kg,超过GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》中规定限值(0.5 mg/kg),一旦食用该场地中的芥菜会对人体健康产生影响,增加了Cr在修复后场地中风险暴露的途径. ②土壤微观表征试验表明,修复后场地土壤中Cr主要以Cr₂O₃形式存在,土壤中的Mn_xO_y能起到氧化Cr的作用. 在LEAF试验中,固化/稳定化的Cr被活化溶出;而BCR分析发现,Cr的可还原态占比随修复后时间的延长逐渐增加,由1.13%增至4.02%. ③土壤中Mn、Fe及植物等环境因子均会参与Cr的氧化还原、沉淀与溶解,以及植物吸收与富集等环境行为,并导致已被固化/稳定化的Cr溶解或再氧化成Cr(Ⅵ)而溶出,从而增加Cr的迁移性和毒性,造成环境风险,其中Mn(Ⅳ)是Cr活化的关键因子. 研究显示,修复后场地中Cr的环境行为会受到多种环境因素共同影响,尤其是在Mn含量较高的区域更易形成氧化氛围导致Cr的重新活化.      

近40年盐城海岸带湿地景观结构动态研究

基于地理信息和遥感技术,应用景观格局指数法,以1980年盐城海岸带植被图和4期（1991年,2000年,2008年,2018年）遥感影像为数据源,提取了5个时期的湿地景观信息,通过计算能够准确反映景观结构变化的景观多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数、分形维数、破碎化指数和廊道密度指数等,分析了研究区近40年的湿地景观结...     

Blends of Zein and Nylon-6

Blends of zein and nylon-6 (55?k) in formic acid were used to produce solution cast films and electrospun fibers. When the amount of nylon-6 was 8?% or less blends were formed that had improved tensile strength and reduced solubility. The blends were analyzed using physical property measurements, DSC and IR spectra. Using between 2 and 8?% nylon-6 provided a 33?% increase in tensile strength. Young??s modulus increased by over 50?% in this range. In general elongation was lower for all formulations. Surprisingly the cast films having 0.5?C8?% nylon-6 had improved solvent resistance to 90?% ethanol/water. Electrospun fibers were produced from formic acid solutions of zein and nylon-6 where the amount of nylon was 0, 2 and 6. Fibers produced from 27?% spinning solids had average diameters on the order of 0.5???m. Reducing the spinning solids to 21?% provide slightly smaller fibers however, the fibers had more defects.     

Quantifying the conservation gains from shared access to linear infrastructure

The proliferation of linear infrastructure such as roads and railways is a major global driver of cumulative biodiversity loss. One strategy for reducing habitat loss associated with development is to encourage linear infrastructure providers and users to share infrastructure networks. We quantified the reductions in biodiversity impact and capital costs under linear infrastructure sharing of a range of potential mine to port transportation links for 47 mine locations operated by 28 separate companies in the Upper Spencer Gulf Region of South Australia. We mapped transport links based on least‐cost pathways for different levels of linear‐infrastructure sharing and used expert‐elicited impacts of linear infrastructure to estimate the consequences for biodiversity. Capital costs were calculated based on estimates of construction costs, compensation payments, and transaction costs. We evaluated proposed mine‐port links by comparing biodiversity impacts and capital costs across 3 scenarios: an independent scenario, where no infrastructure is shared; a restricted‐access scenario, where the largest mining companies share infrastructure but exclude smaller mining companies from sharing; and a shared scenario where all mining companies share linear infrastructure. Fully shared development of linear infrastructure reduced overall biodiversity impacts by 76% and reduced capital costs by 64% compared with the independent scenario. However, there was considerable variation among companies. Our restricted‐access scenario showed only modest biodiversity benefits relative to the independent scenario, indicating that reductions are likely to be limited if the dominant mining companies restrict access to infrastructure, which often occurs without policies that promote sharing of infrastructure. Our research helps illuminate the circumstances under which infrastructure sharing can minimize the biodiversity impacts of development.     

利巴韦林对4种作物种子发芽的影响

利巴韦林作为一种强效抗病毒药物在畜禽养殖业中应用广泛,有着较高的生态环境风险。采用室内培养箱培养的方法,研究了利巴韦林对4种作物(小麦、白菜、萝卜和番茄)的种子发芽、根伸长和芽伸长的影响。结果表明,利巴韦林对4种作物的种子发芽率影响不大,但其浓度与4种作物的根伸长及芽伸长抑制率显著相关(P<0.01或P<0.05),作物的根伸长比芽伸长对利巴韦林的胁迫更敏感。土壤中利巴韦林浓度与4种作物根伸长抑制率之间呈现正相关关系。根伸长的抑制率达到10%所对应的利巴韦林浓度(IC10)分别为:IC10(白菜)=4.25mg·kg-1,IC10(番茄)=29.7mg·kg-1,IC10(萝卜)=33.2mg·kg-1,IC10(小麦)=49.4mg·kg-1。可以看出,4种作物对土壤中利巴韦林胁迫的敏感性依次是:白菜>番茄>萝卜>小麦。从利巴韦林对4种作物的根伸长和芽伸长抑制率综合来看,小麦对利巴韦林的耐受性最强,而白菜对利巴韦林最敏感。     

SF6气体绝缘设备的放电特性研究

采用间接边界元法,给出了层状半空间中沉积谷地对斜入射平面SV波的三维散射解答,并通过与已有结果的比较,验证了本文解答的正确性。进行数值计算,研究了斜入射角度对散射效应的影响,并以基岩上单一土层为例,讨论了基岩刚度和覆盖土层厚度对沉积谷地附近地表位移的影响。研究表明,三维散射与二维散射之间存在本质差别,不能简单地将斜入射平面SV波分解到沉积谷地横截面的面内方向,然后按平面问题进行计算;基岩与土层刚度比对沉积附近地表位移幅值有着较大的影响,但对位移幅值的空间分布影响不大;土层厚度变化不仅影响地表位移幅值的大小,还会改变地表位移幅值的空间分布。