表面活性剂促进污泥产酸及用于生物除磷的研究进展

表面活性剂可以提高污泥发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸的产量。经过污泥水解发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸,既能作为生物除磷系统所需的优质碳源,使城市污水达到稳定深度除磷的要求,又减少了剩余污泥对环境的污染。将城市污水厂污泥生物转化为挥发性有机酸并用于生物除磷,丰富了污水生物处理和污泥处理与资源化等研究内容。     

Deposition in boreal forests in relation to type, size, number and placement of collectors

Open precipitation and throughfall was collected at a Norway spruce stand in Finland using funnel-type collectors and at a black spruce stand in Canada using trough-type collectors. The presence or absence of a rim on the funnel, funnel diameter (9, 14 and 20 cm) and length of sampling period (1, 2 and 4 weeks) on monthly values were evaluated at the Norway spruce stand, and the number of collectors required for defined levels of accuracy and precision of throughfall loads to be reached and the influence of the spatial arrangement of collectors on solute concentrations was studied at both stands. The presence of a rim had no significant effect on open precipitation and throughfall amounts, but did on throughfall DOC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ion loads. Deposition loads increased with decreasing funnel diameter; for open precipitation, this was due to increased catch efficiency while for throughfall the increase was attributed to canopy interaction and leaching of litter trapped in the collectors. Calculated monthly H⁺ loads decreased and those for all other constituents increased with collection period length. Using 15 collectors at the Norway spruce stand would allow throughfall loads to be determined to within 20% of the true mean weekly value with a confidence level of 95% for most solute, but not for NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃ ⁻–N, Mg²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻-S. Using 15 trough collectors, the same confidence level at the more heterogeneous black spruce stand would only be achieved for H⁺, Cl⁻, DOC and SO₄ ²⁻-S loads. In both stands, using either random or systematic placements of throughfall collectors gave similar results.     

风景名胜区开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系——以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例

文章以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例 ,对山岳型风景资源开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系进行了研究。评价程序分三个层次进行。规划指标和人为自然灾害指标为第一个层次 ;景观指标和生态指标为第二个层次 ;环境质量和环境感应指标为第三个层次。每个层次和指标体系都赋予了内涵。     

完善生态影响评估 促进中国生态资源的保护

环境影响评估对减少工业和城市发展对环境的影响起到了一定的作用,但目前的环境影响评估工作比较重视发展项目对其周围水、气污染方面的评估,对自然资源影响的评估还未受到足够的重视,文章对生态影响评估的重要性及中国内地生态影响评估的现状进行了简要的讨论,并介绍了香港生态影响评估系统,以为我国同地生态影响评估工作的管理提供参考。     

论环境公益诉讼

进入21世纪以来,人们对自然环境的破坏日趋加剧,地球环境不断恶化,由此引发了层出不穷的环境争议。环境公益诉讼制度作为最有强制力、最为公平正义的终局解决办法,是解决环境问题,保护国家、社会和公众环境权益的最有效途径,并在现代法治社会中起到越来越突出的作用。从环境公益诉讼的基础理论出发,借鉴国外环境公益诉讼的经验,分析我国环境诉讼法律制度存在的问题,阐述建立环境公益诉讼制度的必要性,并提出建立环境公益诉讼制度的建议,旨在探索一条落实科学发展观的环境保护新思路。     

Comparison of metals extractability from Al/Fe-based drinking water treatment residuals

Recycling of drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) as environment amendments has attracted substantial interest due to their productive reuse concomitant with waste minimization. In the present study, the extractability of metals within six Al/Fe-hydroxide-comprised WTRs collected throughout China was investigated using fractionation, in vitro digestion and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The results suggested that the major components and structure of the WTRs investigated were similar. The WTRs were enriched in Al, Fe, Ca, and Mg, also contained varying quantities of As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn, but Ag, Hg, Sb, and Se were not detected. Most of the metals within the WTRs were largely non-extractable using the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) procedure, but many metals exhibited high bioaccessibility based on in vitro digestion. However, the WTRs could be classified as non-hazardous according to the TCLP assessment method used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Further analysis showed the communication factor, which is calculated as the ratio of total extractable metal by BCR procedure to the total metal, for most metals in the six WTRs, was similar, whereas the factor for Ba, Mn, Sr, and Zn varied substantially. Moreover, metals in the WTRs investigated had different risk assessment code. In summary, recycling of WTRs is subject to regulation based on assessment of risk due to metals prior to practical application.     

Soil acidity reconstruction based on tree ring information of a dominant species Abies fabri in the subalpine forest ecosystems in southwest China

To assess the suitability of dendrochemistry as an indicator of soil acidification, soil chemistry and tree ring information of Abies fabri were measured at two distinct sites (severe acid deposition site-Emei Mountain and clean site-Gongga Mountain) of the subalpine forest ecosystems of western Sichuan, southwest China. The actual soil acidity (pH) was significantly correlated with some of the recent xylem cation (Ca, Mg, Mn, Al, Sr and Ba) concentrations and their molar ratios. Xylem Ca/Mg and Ca/Mn of A. fabri were ultimately selected to reconstruct the historical changes of soil pH in Emei Mountain and Gongga Mountain, respectively. The validity of those rebuild was also verified to a certain extent. We conclude that xylem cation molar ratios of A. fabri were superior to the single cation concentrations in soil acidity rebuild at the study sites due to normalizing for concentration fluctuations.     

Phosphorus loss from an agricultural watershed as a function of storm size

Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural watersheds is generally greater in storm rather than base flow. Although fundamental to P-based risk assessment tools, few studies have quantified the effect of storm size on P loss. Thus, the loss of P as a function of flow type (base and storm flow) and size was quantified for a mixed-land use watershed (FD-36; 39.5 ha) from 1997 to 2006. Storm size was ranked by return period (<1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, and >10 yr), where increasing return period represents storms with greater peak and total flow. From 1997 to 2006, storm flow accounted for 32% of watershed discharge yet contributed 65% of dissolved reactive P (DP) (107 g ha(-1) yr(-1)) and 80% of total P (TP) exported (515 g ha(-1) yr(-1)). Of 248 storm flows during this period, 93% had a return period of <1 yr, contributing most of the 10-yr flow (6507 m(3) ha(-1); 63%) and export of DP (574 g ha(-1); 54%) and TP (2423 g ha(-1); 47%). Two 10-yr storms contributed 23% of P exported between 1997 and 2006. A significant increase in storm flow DP concentration with storm size (0.09-0.16 mg L(-1)) suggests that P release from soil and/or area of the watershed producing runoff increase with storm size. Thus, implementation of P-based Best Management Practice needs to consider what level of risk management is acceptable.     

节能减排的现状分析及其路径选择

处理好发展经济与保护环境的关系,尤其是项目建设与节能减排的关系,这是实现可持续发展的关键。近年来,一些地区和城市,把节能减排作为促进科学发展的重要手段,推进经济可持续发展,取得了可喜的成绩。但是,也存在着不少障碍。在肯定对节能减排初见成效的基础上,对节能减排障碍进行了剖析,为了加大节能减排与环境保护力度,阐述了国家节能减排的行业政策,提出了节能减排的十项路径选择。     

火力发电厂储油罐区的安全管理

储油罐区的安全是火力发电厂安全管理的重要组成部分,笔者从安全系统工程的角度论述了火力发电厂储油罐区如何使安全管理工作科学化,同时在对各类法规和文件理解的基础上,总结经验,为安全管理人员顺利开展工作提供帮助.