新导则下天然气输气管道项目大气环境影响评价

文章按照HJ 2.2—2018《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》要求,以某天然气输气管道项目为实例,对大气环境影响评价工作进行了梳理。首先利用AERSCREEN模型估算出各主要污染物的最大浓度占标率P_max,并以此判定评价等级和评价范围;其次进行环境质量现状调查、污染源调查及污染物排放量核算;最后提出环境监测计划。     

Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.     

大同盆地地方氟病地区土壤中氟的赋存形态研究

以大同盆地地方氟病地区土壤为研究对象,采用连续化学提取法逐级提取土壤中水溶态、离子交换态、铁锰结合态、有机束缚态和残余态的氟,研究了大同盆地土壤中氟的赋存形态特征以及控制土壤中氟赋存形态的因素,进而探讨了土壤中氟氧化物迁移与转化对大同盆地高氟地下水形成的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤中氟的5种赋存形态按含量大小呈现出残余态氟水溶态氟交换态氟有机束缚态氟铁锰结合态氟的分布规律;相关分析显示水溶态氟与铁锰结合态氟呈现正相关性,离子交换态氟与有机束缚态氟和铁锰结合态氟呈现显著正相关性;大同盆地土壤中氟的背景值较高(545.29mg/kg),并在一定条件下各种形态的氟相互转化,可提供更多自由态的氟进入地下水中,从而形成高氟地下水。     

Role of nitric oxide in the genotoxic response to chronic microcystin-LR exposure in human–hamster hybrid cells

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic microcystin congener and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of MC-LR during chronic exposure are still poorly understood. In the present study, human–hamster hybrid (A_L) cells were exposed to MC-LR for varying lengths of time to investigate the role of nitrogen radicals in MC-LR-induced genotoxicity. The mutagenic potential at the CD59 locus was more than 2-fold higher (p < 0.01) in A_L cells exposed to a cytotoxic concentration (1 μmol/L) of MC-LR for 30 days than in untreated control cells, which was consistent with the formation of micronucleus. MC-LR caused a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide (NO) production in treated cells. Moreover, this was blocked by concurrent treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor N^G-methyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), which suppressed MC-LR-induced mutations as well. The survival of mitochondrial DNA-depleted (ρ⁰) A_L cells was markedly decreased by MC-LR treatment compared to that in A_L cells, while the CD59 mutant fraction was unaltered. These results provided clear evidence that the genotoxicity associated with chronic MC-LR exposure in mammalian cells was mediated by NO and might be considered as a basis for the development of therapeutics that prevent carcinogenesis.     

Use of Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals as amendments for enhancing the retention capacity of glyphosate in agricultural soils

Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), ubiquitous and non-hazardous by-products of drinking water purification, are cost-effective adsorbents for glyphosate. Given that repeated glyphosate applications could significantly decrease glyphosate retention by soils and that the adsorbed glyphosate is potentially mobile, high sorption capacity and stability of glyphosate in agricultural soils are needed to prevent pollution of water by glyphosate. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of reusing Fe/Al WTR as a soil amendment to enhance the retention capacity of glyphosate in two agricultural soils. The results of batch experiments showed that the Fe/Al WTR amendment significantly enhanced the glyphosate sorption capacity of both soils (p < 0.001). Up to 30% of the previously adsorbed glyphosate desorbed from the non-amended soils, and the Fe/Al WTR amendment effectively decreased the proportion of glyphosate desorbed. Fractionation analyses further demonstrated that glyphosate adsorbed to non-amended soils was primarily retained in the readily labile fraction (NaHCO₃-glyphosate). The WTR amendment significantly increased the relative proportion of the moderately labile fraction (HCl-glyphosate) and concomitantly reduced that of the NaHCO₃-glyphosate, hence reducing the potential for the release of soil-adsorbed glyphosate into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, Fe/Al WTR amendment minimized the inhibitory effect of increasing solution pH on glyphosate sorption by soils and mitigated the effects of increasing solution ionic strength. The present results indicate that Fe/Al WTR is suitable for use as a soil amendment to prevent glyphosate pollution of aquatic ecosystems by enhancing the glyphosate retention capacity in soils.     

海河流域河流耗氧污染变化趋势及氧亏分布研究

耗氧污染是海河流域河流水污染的主要类型,耗氧污染物对河流溶氧的消耗产生的氧亏效应对水生生物产生重大影响.收集海河流域重点水功能区88个监测站点2000—2011年CODCr/CODMn、NH3-N指标,分析河流耗氧污染特征及演变趋势,并基于水质目标(2 mg·L-1)下计算出海河流域河流氧亏量.结果表明,流域河流耗氧污染总体呈现好转趋势,耗氧污染指标(NH3-N、CODCr/CODMn)逐渐降低,I~III类水质站点比例增加,劣V类水质站点数和超标倍数减少;CODMn降低幅度大于NH3-N,主要污染物由COD向NH3-N转化.海河流域重点氧亏区域主要集中于中部平原段和下游滨海段,未氧亏区域多集中于上游山区段;北三河、黑龙港运东与徒骇马颊河水系中部平原段整体处于缺氧区域,子牙河水系中部平原区缺氧现象最为严重,氧亏区域位于石家庄洨河下游、滏阳河艾辛庄下游至献县段及石津总干以南;海河流域内中部平原段河流氧亏的主要贡献仍以COD为主,但氨氮的贡献显著,其中黑龙港运东水系、徒骇马颊河水系和北三河水系,COD耗氧均值都高于5 mg·L-1,在北三河和子牙河水系,氨氮耗氧均值达到了4 mg·L-1.     

太湖西岸湖滨带沉积物氮磷有机质分布及评价

采集了太湖西岸湖滨带的表层沉积物,研究了沉积物中氮、磷和有机质的空间分布并进行评价.结果表明,表层沉积物氮、磷和有机质含量基本上呈由近岸向远岸递增的趋势,各点表层沉积物有机质平均含量7 124.00 mg.kg-1,介于2 261.78～11 963.10 mg.kg-1;总氮平均含量819.20 mg.kg-1,介于343.20～1 390.12 mg.kg-1;总磷平均含量379.39 mg.kg-1,介于197.46～570.85 mg.kg-1.沉积物中C/N值为9.5.沉积物中有机质及营养盐来源于湖中藻类和水生高等植物.采用有机指数和有机氮评价太湖西岸湖滨带沉积物的环境质量,有机指数平均为0.037,有机氮为0.044%,总体上属于尚清洁范畴.远岸端点位沉积物有机指数及有机氮含量均较高,存在转为有机污染的风险.     

Effects of prenatal caffeine exposure on glucose homeostasis of adult offspring rats

Epidemiological evidences show that prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) could induce intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The IUGR offspring also present glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus after maturity. We have previously demonstrated that PCE induced IUGR and increased susceptibility to adult metabolic syndrome in rats. This study aimed to further investigate the effects of PCE on glucose homeostasis in adult offspring rats. Pregnant rats were administered caffeine (120 mg/kg/day, intragastrically) from gestational days 11 to 20. PCE offspring presented partial catch-up growth pattern after birth, characterizing by the increased body weight gain rates. Meanwhile, PCE had no significant influences on the basal blood glucose and insulin phenotypes of adult offspring but increased the glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated insulin section and β cell sensitivity to glucose in female progeny. The insulin sensitivity of both male and female PCE offspring were enhanced accompanied with reduced β cell fraction and mass. Western blotting results revealed that significant augmentation in protein expression of hepatic insulin signaling elements of PCE females, including insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and the phosphorylation of serine–threonine protein kinase (Akt), was also potentiated. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PCE reduced the pancreatic β mass but increased the glucose tolerance in adult offspring rats, especially for females. The adaptive compensatory enhancement of β cell responsiveness to glucose and elevated insulin sensitivity mainly mediated by upregulated hepatic insulin signaling might coordinately contribute to the increased glucose tolerance.     

隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性定量分析研究

以降雨侵蚀力、地形起伏度、土壤质地、植被覆盖度等自然因素及土壤侵蚀敏感性综合指数作为评价指标,利用GIS与RS技术,对隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性进行定量分析,并研究其分布特征,为地区水土保持工作提供科学依据.研究表明:隆昌市土壤侵蚀敏感性整体以轻度敏感为主,降雨及土壤质地对土壤侵蚀影响较大,桂花井镇、金鹅镇、李市镇、圣灯镇、石燕桥镇、渔箭镇土壤侵蚀相对较为敏感,是今后水土保持的重点区域.