Comparative studies on the metabolism of shallow-water and deep-sea marine fishes. I. White-muscle metabolism in shallow-water fishes

Maximal rates of oxygen consumption in vitro have been measured under standardized conditions at three test temperatures (5°, 15°, and 25°C) on minced preparations of white muscle from 39 species of shallow-water marine teleost fishes. These fishes came from four different geographic areas, two with cool average water-temperatures (near 15°C: coastal southern California, Galápagos Islands) and two with warm average water-temperatures (near 25°C: Hawaiian Islands; Bermuda). The group includes species covering much of the range of variation to be found among the teleosts with respect to five additional variables: phylogenetic position, type of environment, body weight, activity level, and growth stage. The purpose of the work is to provide part of a base line of tissue-metabolism data on shallow-water fishes for comparison with similar results from deep-sea species. Major conclusions from statistical analyses of the results are: four groups of shapes of oxygen-uptake rate versus temperature curves exist: normal, flat, dipped and peaked. Over 50% of curves are normal. Intra-group differences, contributing significantly to the total variance of the results at given test temperatures, are: cool versus warm average environmental temperatures primarily for epipelagic species; epipelagic versus non-epipelagic environments; very active species versus all others; juvenile stages versus adults. In each case, the subgroup first mentioned shows higher muscle oxygen-uptake rates than the other subgroup. Variables not contributing significantly to the total variance are phylogenetic position and body weight. Physiological and ecological implications of these results are discussed.     

云南某一矿产资源开发利用的环境辐射影响研究

为了解云南西南部一锗矿开采和冶炼对环境的辐射影响,在矿区及其外围环境开展了航空和地面联合调查测量,在重点地区和热点区域开展详细调查.研究结果显示,原矿石、冶炼废渣放射性活度大于1Bq/g,中间产品核素活度达到10⁴Bq/kg;企业排放废水总α>1Bq/L,总β>1Bq/L.矿产开发利用对周围环境影响明显,局部区域受污染农田土壤、地表水系局部地段放射性水平明显高于正常背景值,在受污染区域生长的农作物放射性水平较高.室内氡浓度年平均值与全国水平比较总体上明显偏高,且研究区域居民受照剂量高于全国平均水平.     

中国东南沿海邻近海沟潜在海啸危险性研究

针对中国东南沿海邻近海沟潜藏大地震的可能性,采用基于有限体积法的浅水波数值模型GeoClaw分别对琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟潜在9级地震进行海啸数值模拟研究。结果表明,琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟地震发生时都释放了巨大的能量,并以海啸波的形式向中国沿海传播。其中,琉球海沟地震引发的海啸波经东海大陆架传播3 h后到达福建北部,并在随后2 h内对浙江、上海、江苏沿岸地区造成影响。海啸波高普遍达到0.5 m以上,浙江、上海局部海岸地区达到1 m以上。而马尼拉海沟地震海啸传播过程通畅,2 h后到达海南沿岸,并依次影响湛江、澳门、香港、厦门、高雄等沿海区域。海啸波高普遍达到2 m以上,澳门、香港海岸地区达到5 m以上,面临严重危险等级。基于我国东南沿岸港口、核电站、钻井平台等海洋工程项目持续建设的考虑,需要对潜在海啸威胁进行研究并采取相应措施。     

3种吸附剂对污水磷污染去除性能与机制比较

为探索高效利用膨润土、红壤和炉渣去除农业污水磷污染的可行性,对比分析了3种吸附剂对人工合成含磷污水的吸附去除特性,结合SEM、XDS和BET等测试结果以及等温吸附、吸附动力学及Ca2+释放量探讨了3种材料对磷的吸附机制.结果表明,炉渣对磷的吸附能力高于膨润土和红壤,吸附过程均适合Langmuir等温吸附方程(R2 0. 96),对磷的理论饱和吸附量为:炉渣(16. 87 mg·g~(-1))红壤(1. 21 mg·g~(-1))膨润土(0. 92 mg·g~(-1)).炉渣对磷的吸附动力学特征符合Elovich方程(R2=0. 966),而膨润土和红壤对磷的吸附特征则更适合准二级动力学方程(R2为0. 982和0. 959).炉渣的Ca2+释放量(10. 46 mg·g~(-1))显著大于膨润土(0. 31 mg·g~(-1))和红壤(0. 03 mg·g~(-1))(P 0. 05).红壤对磷的吸附量随着p H的升高而降低;膨润土在初始p H为7. 0时,吸附量最低;但初始p H值对炉渣去除磷的影响不大.相比红壤和炉渣,膨润土解吸较快,易于进行重复利用.综上所述,吸附材料的磷吸附能力主要与其结构、化学组成、Ca2+释放能力及溶液初始p H值等有关,炉渣较膨润土和红壤对磷酸盐有着更强的去除能力,适合处理农村污水磷污染.     

沙漠地区边界层高度的提高与尘卷风起沙量的变化

在YSU（Yonsei University）边界层参数化方案的基础上,采用一种经验修正边界层RYSU（Revised YSU）方案,其模拟的边界层高度与观测相吻合.同时利用尘卷风起沙方案,获得了2019年腾格里沙漠夏季尘卷风起沙量的时空分布,结果表明,在08：00~18：00时,RYSU方案模拟的整点尘卷风瞬时起沙量和起沙范围均高于YSU方案,前者的起沙量和范围最大的时刻是15：00时,较后者迟1h,它与腾格里沙漠观测的尘卷风出现频率更接近.采用RYSU方案6~8月研究区每日的总起沙量几乎是采用YSU方案的3倍左右,RYSU方案估算的最大瞬时起沙量比YSU方案更接近用观测的边界层最大高度计算的值.     

生物炭活化技术及生物炭催化剂的研究进展

回顾了常用的生物炭活化方法,包括酸活化、碱活化、气体活化、等离子体活化以及金属浸渍活化等,并且针对不同的活化方法对生物炭的孔径分布、比表面积、活性基团和活性位点的密度等理化特征及其对生物炭催化活性的影响进行了比较.最后,进一步探讨了采用不同的活化方法获得的生物炭的应用场景,以期为定制型功能生物炭及生物炭的新应用提供参考.     

基于网络游记的城市旅游目的地形象探究——以西安市为例

随着网络信息技术的发展,现代游客和旅游活动与网络的关系越来越密切,网络游记已成为旅游者表达和反映对目的地形象感知的重要平台.在回顾前人对旅游目的地形象相关研究的基础上,运用内容分析法对旅游者发表在携程旅行网上的西安游记进行相关质性分析,探讨了国内旅游者对西安的城市旅游形象感知,以期有针对性地打造旅游产品,精准游客认知.     

Reducing carbon,tackling fuel poverty: adoption and performance of air-source heat pumps in East Yorkshire,UK

Deploying heating technologies, such as air-source heat pumps (ASHPs), can respond to the dual challenges of tackling fuel poverty and reducing carbon emissions from domestic energy consumption. In the UK, ASHP performance has been found to be below design levels. Elements of three strands of literature – innovation diffusion, environmental psychology and neighbourhood effects – are combined to gain insights into why the adoption and performance of ASHPs are lagging policy targets and design potential. Evidence from users, installers and area-based scheme facilitators suggests that the perceived complexity of the technology is a barrier. The level of technology maturity and the typical profile of the elderly fuel poor do not match; the target group might prefer to be late adopters or laggards in adopting technology. The role of installers is critical as the disruption from installation is a barrier to adoption and ASHPs place demands on users to change existing practices.     

Pollution budgeting: A concept whose time has come

Summary The paper provides a discussion of the pollution budgeting concept and the use of emissions trading as an implementation strategy. The paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 discusses the use of emissions trading to implement the pollution budget concept. Section 2 provides a discussion of the policy problems that have arisen in the implementation of emissions trading as a transitional system. Section 3 provides concluding comments. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the President's Council on Environmental Quality. Dr Gordon L. Brady Jr. holds a Ph.D. degree in Economics and a Masters in the Study of Law. His present appointment is Senior Economic Policy Advisor at the President's Council on Environmental Quality. Prior to this appointment he was Special Consultant on Regulatory Reform at the National Science Foundation.