航天器表面充放电原理研究

全面介绍了航天器与空间离子发生表面充放电效应的原理,将航天器表面充电简化成电流平衡方程,通过确定电流的表达解析式来确定表面各点的电流变化,把航天器表面划分成若干个等效电路,更加直观地了解了航天器充电过程。从航天器表面充放电现象发现了充放电带来的危害,并详细从航天器构件接地方式、航天器结构设计、航天器电路电磁防护等方面阐述了航天器表面带电防护的方法。     

Temperature-associated population diversity in salmon confers benefits to mobile consumers

Habitat heterogeneity can generate intraspecific diversity through local adaptation of populations. While it is becoming increasingly clear that population diversity can increase stability in species abundance, less is known about how population diversity can benefit consumers that can integrate across population diversity in their prey. Here we demonstrate cascading effects of thermal heterogeneity on trout-salmon interactions in streams where rainbow trout rely heavily on the seasonal availability of anadromous salmon eggs. Water temperature in an Alaskan stream varied spatially from 5 degrees C to 17.5 degrees C, and spawning sockeye salmon showed population differentiation associated with this thermal heterogeneity. Individuals that spawned early in cool regions of the 5 km long stream were genetically differentiated from those spawning in warmer regions later in the season. Sockeye salmon spawning generates a pulsed resource subsidy that supports the majority of seasonal growth in stream-dwelling rainbow trout. The spatial and temporal structuring of sockeye salmon spawn timing in our focal stream extended the duration of the pulsed subsidy compared to a thermally homogeneous stream with a single population of salmon. Further, rainbow trout adopted movement strategies that exploited the multiple pulses of egg subsidies in the thermally heterogeneous stream. Fish that moved to track the resource pulse grew at rates about 2.5 times higher than those that remained stationary or trout in the reference stream with a single seasonal pulse of eggs. Our results demonstrate that habitat heterogeneity can have important effects on the population diversity of dominant species, and in turn, influence their value to species that prey upon them. Therefore, habitat homogenization may have farther-reaching ecological effects than previously considered.     

Demographic heterogeneity, cohort selection, and population growth

Demographic heterogeneity--variation among individuals in survival and reproduction--is ubiquitous in natural populations. Structured population models address heterogeneity due to age, size, or major developmental stages. However, other important sources of demographic heterogeneity, such as genetic variation, spatial heterogeneity in the environment, maternal effects, and differential exposure to stressors, are often not easily measured and hence are modeled as stochasticity. Recent research has elucidated the role of demographic heterogeneity in changing the magnitude of demographic stochasticity in small populations. Here we demonstrate a previously unrecognized effect: heterogeneous survival in long-lived species can increase the long-term growth rate in populations of any size. We illustrate this result using simple models in which each individual's annual survival rate is independent of age but survival may differ among individuals within a cohort. Similar models, but with nonoverlapping generations, have been extensively studied by demographers, who showed that, because the more "frail" individuals are more likely to die at a young age, the average survival rate of the cohort increases with age. Within ecology and evolution, this phenomenon of "cohort selection" is increasingly appreciated as a confounding factor in studies of senescence. We show that, when placed in a population model with overlapping generations, this heterogeneity also causes the asymptotic population growth rate lambda to increase, relative to a homogeneous population with the same mean survival rate at birth. The increase occurs because, even integrating over all the cohorts in the population, the population becomes increasingly dominated by the more robust individuals. The growth rate increases monotonically with the variance in survival rates, and the effect can be substantial, easily doubling the growth rate of slow-growing populations. Correlations between parent and offspring phenotype change the magnitude of the increase in lambda, but the increase occurs even for negative parent-offspring correlations. The effect of heterogeneity in reproductive rate on lambda is quite different: growth rate increases with reproductive heterogeneity for positive parent-offspring correlation but decreases for negative parent-offspring correlation. These effects of demographic heterogeneity on lambda have important implications for population dynamics, population viability analysis, and evolution.     

还原-偶氮光度法测定废水中硝基苯的不确定度评估

以还原-偶氮光度法测定了废水中硝基苯的浓度,分析了测量过程中4个主要部分的不确定度。样品中硝基苯的浓度为0.500μg/mL,取包含因子k=2（95%置信概率）,扩展不确定度为U=0.032μg/mL,结果可表示为：（0.500±0.032）μg/mL。此方法测定硝基苯的不确定度的评析,有利于更准确地表示测量结果。     

外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

黄海铜藻形态特征和遗传多样性研究

为研究黄海漂浮铜藻的来源以及藻体特征,在北黄海、南黄海和青岛近岸采集漂浮铜藻,并对长岛海域定生铜藻开展调查研究。结果表明,漂浮和定生铜藻的植株形态呈现不同的季节性变化,11月两者的叶片和气囊形态差别不大,4－6月形态分化明显,表现为定生铜藻的叶片和气囊继续生长,而漂浮铜藻呈衰败趋势;漂浮铜藻的生殖托数量远低于定生铜藻,且较细短。同时,本文利用核基因（ITS2）和线粒体基因片段（cox3、rnl-atp9、rpl5-rps3和cob-cox2）研究铜藻样本的遗传多样性,结果显示,ITS2序列共发现2个多态性位点、5种基因型,线粒体基因片段共发现9个多态性位点、5个单倍型;不同地理群体间以及漂浮和定生群体间的遗传距离与群体内遗传距离差异不显著,表明该海域漂浮和定生铜藻可能来自相同的遗传群体。     

Comparison of Cadmium Adsorption from Water Using Same Source Chitosan and Nanochitosan: Is It Worthwhile to Go Nano?

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Industrial effluents and stormwater runoff pose a significant threat to the environment and public health. Consequently, the water quality guidelines set...     

基于碳减排目标与排放标准约束情景的火电大气污染物减排潜力

从我国"十四五"及2035年远景目标经济发展预测出发,结合碳减排战略目标下的既有与强化政策情景,基于弹性系数法预测电力需求,测算在不同污染物排放标准约束情景下火电大气污染物排放情况及减排潜力,结果表明,在不同的政策和排放标准约束情景下,我国火电行业烟尘、SO2和NOx排放水平变化呈现出不同的趋势,到2035年,在2016年水平上的减排潜力分别在45.97％～85.37％、52.61％～84.90％和33.80％～71.08％之间,来自碳减排目标下政策因素带来的减排潜力,较不同污染物排放标准约束条件带来的减排潜力更为明显,在强化政策情景下,采取保持模式标准约束的污染物减排潜力已与超低模式基本相当,甚至超过或接近既有政策下采取收严模式标准约束的效果,通过强化实施能源和电力优化政策,加快实现火电发电量达峰,合理引导高污染排放水平火电机组优先退出生产,同样可使火电大气污染物排放得到有效控制,还可避免环保改造投资的浪费和损失.     

新导则下天然气输气管道项目大气环境影响评价

文章按照HJ 2.2—2018《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》要求,以某天然气输气管道项目为实例,对大气环境影响评价工作进行了梳理。首先利用AERSCREEN模型估算出各主要污染物的最大浓度占标率P_max,并以此判定评价等级和评价范围;其次进行环境质量现状调查、污染源调查及污染物排放量核算;最后提出环境监测计划。     

Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.