基于灰色层次分析的地铁车站安全风险评价研究

为判别地铁车站的风险水平,本文运用层次分析法和灰色系统理论相结合的办法,基于我国地铁车站突发事件特点及防控措施,从人—机—环—管角度出发,建立涵盖火灾、拥挤踩踏、电梯故障3种主要突发事件的地铁车站安全风险层次结构体系,并进行实例分析,量化评价指标,最终确定地铁车站的安全风险评价等级,从而验证灰色层次分析法的有效性和可行性。     

工作场所空气中苯的检测与评价

以某污水处理车间为例,采用溶剂解吸--气相色谱法对工作场所空气中的苯进行检测,探讨工作场所空气中苯的检测与评价模式.     

浅议步云工业集中区环境安全措施与对策

根据南湖区步云工业集中区化工企业集聚、环境风险高的特点,提出强化综合决策,保障环境安全,大力发展循环经济,实施生态园区建设,加强环境监督管理等环境安全战略对策。     

岷江流域不同土地利用方式下紫色土有机碳储量特征

以岷江中下游流域紫色土为研究对象,按流域分上中下游区段3个抽样层采样,研究不同土地利用方式下紫色土有机碳储量特征,为紫色土退化评估及地力维护提供参考.结果显示,紫色土有机碳总量以林地(14.151g/kg)显著高于果园地(9.458g/kg)、菜园地(8.542g/kg)、草坡地(7.875g/kg),以玉米地(6.226g/kg)最低.水溶性有机碳含量呈现林地>果园地>菜园地>草坡地>玉米地趋势.同时,流域上、中、下游紫色土有机碳总量总体上差异显著,且以上游区段紫色土有机碳总量最高.流域中下游紫色土有机碳总量变化较大,其中,林地以下游高于中游,果园及草坡地以中游高于下游.菜园地、玉米地在3个区段上差异未达显著水平.岷江流域紫色土有机碳储量总体特征表现上游最高,中下游变化复杂,下游略高于中游区域.图1表4参10     

Changes in blood lead and water lead in Edinburgh. An eight year follow-up to the Edinburgh lead study

This study aimed to measure changes in household water lead and blood lead in young people living in Edinburgh over a period of 8 years. Two hundred and twenty-three families were eligible and 207 (93%) agreed to participate. A half-hour stagnation sample of kitchen cold water was taken from each household, and 171 young people (aged 14–17 years) provided a blood sample for lead analysis. Information on plumbing changes, exposure to other sources of lead and factors which might influence blood lead was collected by questionnaire. Edinburgh is supplied with water treated in one of two treatment plants. There was a different programme of water treatment in each plant. In one (A) lime and orthophosphate was introduced in the interval between the original and follow-up studies. In the other (F) lime treatment began before the original study and orthophosphate was introduced subsequently. In water from treatment plant A, mean water lead levels fell from 34 to 4.3 gL-1 (87%). In water supplied from treatment plant F the corresponding values were 9.3 to 3.6 gL-1 (61%). These reductions were due to both water treatment and removal of lead plumbing. Houses with no lead plumbing have water lead levels 89% lower than houses with lead tanks, and 47% lower than houses with lead pipes. About one-third of households with lead tanks are predicted to have water lead levels above the current EC limit of 50 gL- 1, though only 3% or less of the remaining households would exceed this limit. If the proposed 10 gL-1 limit were introduced, 34% of households supplied from plant A and 25% from plant F would breach the limit. Blood lead levels fell from an average of 11.0 gdL-1 to 4.0 gdL-1. Males had higher values than females and the main factors influencing levels were water lead and age of house. Our results show substantial reductions in household water lead and blood lead in our sample over a period of 8 years and represent an important achievement in public health. However, more progress will be required if the proposed new limit of 10 gL-1 for water lead is to be met. There is a need for the continuing surveillance of household water lead and blood lead levels in representative samples of the population.     

Biological, Conservation, and Ethical Implications of Exploiting and Controlling Wolves

The widespread claim that wolf populations can withstand 25–50% or greater annual reductions without major biological consequences is based primarily on the observation that populations often maintain their size from year to year as harvest or control continues or recover within a few years afterward. This emphasis on numerical status overlooks the likelihood of major, lingering impacts on the size, number, stability, and persistence of family-group social units, on reproductive, hunting, and territorial behavior, on the role of learning and related traditions, on within- and between-group patterns of genetic variation, and on overall mortality rates. The tendency of biologists and agencies in northern North America to promote wolf harvests that are four to eight times greater than ungulate harvests, in accord with the wolf versus ungulate difference in reproductive rates but contradictory to a broad array of differences in social organization and related behavior, is reason enough to question the logic of this prevailing management view. True sustained-yield management requires more emphasis on qualitative biological features to determine the extent to which wolves and other species with evolutionary histories as predators rather than as prey should be harvested. Most recent government-sponsored wolf control programs and proposals, including sterilization, relocation, and "redirected" killing, have been based on questionable claims about ungulate or livestock problems and have not adequately considered potential biological costs (especially to the target wolf populations), benefits, or management alternatives. The high sentience of wolves justifies overlapping biological-ethical concerns about such programs and especially about the heavy, indiscriminate, deceptively reported public hunting and trapping of wolves that is currently permitted throughout most of Alaska (U.S.A.)—including in national parks—and elsewhere.     

全球变化下有关卤代甲烷源汇的研究进展

大气中存在的卤代甲烷对臭氧层具有极强的破坏作用并参与其它气候现象，其动态变化对臭氧的恢复和地球生态系统有重要影响。文章概述了全球变化下卤代甲烷源汇的研究情况并简单探索其进一步的研究方向。几种卤代甲烷中，溴代甲烷源汇最复杂且对臭氧具有最强的破坏力，因此研究较多。已证明CH3Br的来源有：海洋、土壤、生物燃烧、陆地植物和沼泽地的释放等；CH3Br的汇包括：光化学分解、被土壤和植物吸收、在海洋中的化学和生物降解等。但事实上是已知汇远远大于已知源，且各个源汇的通量在不同研究中结果差异较大，归其原因是卤代甲烷释放与吸收机制的不确定性。虽然近几年的研究也应用了稳定同位素示踪技术，但卤代甲烷各源汇的具体贡献并不清楚。今后卤代甲烷源汇的研究重点应放在与气体产生机制最密切的地下部分即“地下生态学”对其通量的影响，而同位素技术的改进及其在痕量气体研究中的应用也将是未来的重点方向。     

用于含油污水处理的气浮旋流耦合技术研究

建立了气浮旋流耦合装置。测试了气浮旋流耦合装置的分离效果，实验表明，在加气量质量比为0．003-0.020，含油污水浓度为50—300mg／L条件下，气浮旋流耦合装置可比单纯的旋流分离装置的分离效率提高10％，50％。     

Dynamics of fipronil residue in vegetable-field ecosystem

Fipronil insecticide has been widely used to control vegetable pests in China recently. The research was conducted to evaluate the fate of fipronil in vegetable-field ecosystem and provide the scientific basis of using this insecticide. Developed on the analytical methods of fipronil residue and its four metabolisms, the degradation dynamics of their residue in a vegetable and the soil of the vegetable fields was studied. The results showed that (1) degradation of fipronil was faster in pakchoi (half-life 2.6 days) than in soil (half-life 7.3 days); (2) degradation reaction occurred in soil was governed mainly by photodegradation and oxidization accompanying with production of the metabolites, MB46513 and MB46136. Reduction and hydrolyzation played little role in the degradation process. In pakchoi, degradation was mainly contributed by reduction though oxidization and hydrolyzation occurred simultaneously. The metabolite products were MB45950, MB46136 and RPA200766; (3) the final residue in pakchoi was at a level of 0.003 mg kg⁻¹, which was much lower than the USA’s upper limit of 0.04 mg kg⁻¹ in rice. Therefore, a dosage of 24 g hm⁻² was suggested and considered as safe to human beings and animals.