浅议步云工业集中区环境安全措施与对策

根据南湖区步云工业集中区化工企业集聚、环境风险高的特点,提出强化综合决策,保障环境安全,大力发展循环经济,实施生态园区建设,加强环境监督管理等环境安全战略对策。     

Rotary ultrasonic machining of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal: An experimental investigation on surface roughness

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal, widely used for important electro-optic parts, is a typical hard-to-machine material because of its soft, brittle, and anisotropic properties. High quality is usually required for machined surfaces on KDP parts. Reported machining methods for KDP crystal include diamond turning, grinding, magnetorheological finishing, and polishing. Each of these methods has its limitations. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new machining methods for KDP crystal. This paper presents an experimental investigation on surface roughness in rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) of KDP. It was found that the surface roughness obtained when using a tool with a chamfered corner was lower than that obtained using tools with right-angle corners. Other process variables (spindle speed, feedrate, and ultrasonic power) also affected the surface roughness obtained.     

螯合剂和泥炭对苎麻吸收土壤镉的影响

通过生物盆栽试验研究了施用螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)与泥炭对强化苎麻修复重金属镉污染土壤的作用.结果表明,施加泥炭能改善土壤的理化性质,增加苎麻的生物产量,泥炭单施、螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的组合措施的相对产量分别为1.23、1.13和1.41,因此泥炭和柠檬酸配施处理更有利于植物生长.就植物吸收镉能力来说,螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的配施处理能更好地促进苎麻对镉的吸收,其土壤交换态镉所占镉形态质量分数为61.6%和58.3%,具有强化植物修复的效果.螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭2种组合方式的地上部富集系数分别为1.33和1.32,大于单施(EDTA、柠檬酸和泥炭)处理1.11、1.11和1.05,具有较好的富集效应,同时螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的组合处理对土壤镉的净化率分别达到了1.13%和1.22%,而柠檬酸和泥炭配施具有较大的生物量,使植株总镉量略高于EDTA与泥炭的组合处理,因而更有利于镉污染土壤的修复.因此,利用螯合剂和泥炭的组合修复措施对强化苎麻修复镉污染土壤能取得更佳的效果.     

Addressing human security in the Arctic in the context of climate change through science and technology

Human security, particularly in the Arctic, is being stressed by climate change and other factors. Science and technology provide one instrument for the development of strategies that will protect those living in the Arctic from threats to environmental, social and economic conditions, namely human security, incurred by climate change. This paper explores a public good approach to Canada’s Science and Technology (S&T) strategy. Investigated in particular is the role of science and technology in addressing Arctic human security needs, using evolving Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) quality-of-life indicators to measure the ability of Canada’s S&T strategy to meet these needs.     

小城镇环境承载力评价——以江苏省铜山县为例

在大量收集铜山县近几年统计资料的基础上,根据区域环境承载力指标体系的构建原则,从人口、自然资源、生态环境和社会经济状况等方面构建指标体系。共选取指标39个,其中发展类指标27个,限制类指标12个。按照指标体系的层次结构构造判断矩阵,采用层次分析法确定指标的权重。根据铜山县“十五”期间相关部门的统计数据和监测数据,以及生态县建设的相关指标,并结合各类指标的国际国内标准和江苏省的平均标准确定指标的现状值和指标阈值。采用环境承载力相对剩余率法计算2000年-2005年的环境承载力相对剩余率。结果表明,在这一期间,铜山县的综合环境承载力整体处于超载状态,其中人口控制、第三产业发展、矿产资源以及工业废水废气的治理等指标发展较好。不足之处体现在经济的发展还是建立在高能耗、高污染物排放的基础上,人均自然资源量偏低,高新技术产业占规模以上工业比重较低,科研教育以及环保投入尚不足等。随着环境治理投入的加大,综合环境承载力呈上升趋势,环境状况逐渐好转。根据评价结果,结合铜山县的发展现状,从优化产业结构、加强污染防治以及加强生态建设和法律法规建设等方面提出提高铜山县环境承载力的途径和对策。     

Comparative studies on the metabolism of shallow-water and deep-sea marine fishes. IV. Patterns of aerobic metabolism in the mesopelagic deep-sea fangtooth fish Anoplogaster cornuta

Measurements have been made of oxygen consumption rates O₂ of 10 specimens of the mesopelagic deep-sea fangtooth fish Anoplogaster cornuta. Determinations were made at 1 atm pressure, at temperatures of 3°, 7°, and 10°C, at dissolved oxygen concentrations ranging from near saturation to zero, with the fish swimming at low, controlled speeds. Weight-specific O₂ were uniformly low. They showed Q₁₀'s of 2.5 and 1.3, respectively, in the temperature ranges 3° to 7°C, and 7° to 10°C, at dissolved oxygen concentrations above 2 ml (standard temperature and presusure, STP)/1. Measurable O₂ continued in these fish at dissolved oxygen concentrations down to the lowest levels detectable with our instruments. At 7°C the average critical oxygen tension (P _c ) for the entire group was near 35 mm Hg. However, there is a statistically significant positive slope to the regression line relating O₂ to P _c for individual fish. The physiological and ecological significance of these results is discussed, particularly with reference to thermal effects and to the basis for survival by A. cornuta in the oxygen minimum layers of the eastern Pacific Ocean.     

持久性有机污染物的作物吸收及迁移模型研究进展

持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic pollutant,POPs)是指通过各种环境介质(大气、水、生物体等)能够长距离迁移并长期存在于环境中的人工合成的有机污染物。本文阐述了全球POPs的主要环境过程和各环境介质中POPs的暴露水平,探讨了作物对POPs的吸收过程、吸收机制和生态效应,并基于现有的环境多介质逸度模型和根区水质模型,分析了持久性有机污染物作物吸收过程模拟模型中存在的问题及未来的发展方向。目前,对POPs作物吸收机制及其模拟的研究较少,但随着我国对粮食安全和农业可持续发展的持续关注,这一领域的模拟研究将对科学解析POPs归趋、合理制定风险管控措施和有效确保粮食质量安全等提供重要科学支撑。     

Micronutrient deficiencies in maternity and child health: a review of environmental and social context and implications for Malawi

It is well documented that micronutrient malnutrition is of increasing concern in the developing world, resulting in poor health and high rates of mortality and morbidity. During pregnancy, deficiency of iron and zinc can produce cognitive and growth impairment of the foetus, which may continue into infancy. Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for both plant growth and human nutrition. Despite significant work in the areas of soil fertility, crop biofortification and dietary interventions, the problems of micronutrient deficiencies persist in Africa. There is a need to examine why communities have not embraced intervention strategies which may offer health benefits. Bottom-up, interdisciplinary approaches are required to effectively study the relationships between local communities and their environment, and to assess the impact their behaviour has on the cycling of micronutrients within the soil–plant–human system. From a detailed consideration of diverse influencing factors, a methodological model is suggested for studying the barriers to improving micronutrient uptake within rural communities. It combines environmental understanding with health and social factors, emphasising the need for and potential benefits of understanding and coherence in true interdisciplinary working.