Accounting for adaptive capacity and uncertainty in assessments of species’ climate‐change vulnerability

Climate‐change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) are valuable tools for assessing species’ vulnerability to climatic changes, yet failure to include measures of adaptive capacity and to account for sources of uncertainty may limit their effectiveness. We took a more comprehensive approach that incorporates exposure, sensitivity, and capacity to adapt to climate change. We applied our approach to anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and nonanadromous bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), threatened salmonids within the Columbia River Basin (U.S.A.). We quantified exposure on the basis of scenarios of future stream temperature and flow, and we represented sensitivity and capacity to adapt to climate change with metrics of habitat quality, demographic condition, and genetic diversity. Both species were found to be highly vulnerable to climate change at low elevations and in their southernmost habitats. However, vulnerability rankings varied widely depending on the factors (climate, habitat, demographic, and genetic) included in the CCVA and often differed for the 2 species at locations where they were sympatric. Our findings illustrate that CCVA results are highly sensitive to data inputs and that spatial differences can complicate multispecies conservation. Based on our results, we suggest that CCVAs be considered within a broader conceptual and computational framework and be used to refine hypotheses, guide research, and compare plausible scenarios of species’ vulnerability to climate change.     

采煤工作面回风巷瓦斯气团漂移现象再探

针对采煤工作面回风巷中瓦斯气团进行长距离漂移而气团内部瓦斯浓度结构基本未发生变化这一现象,对瓦斯气团的产生区域、产生过程、在回风巷中的运移方式提出了一种假说,并且设计了一种试验方案用以验证该假说。利用瓦斯气团的运移特性,对瓦斯气团平均漂移速度的计算公式进行了优化,定义了瓦斯气团浓度衰减率这一概念,提出了一种用于吹散瓦斯气团降低回风巷中瓦斯气团浓度装置的设想。     

孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)迁地保护中的光合作用日变化特征与生理生态适应性

为了进一步廓清迁地保护条件下孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的光合生理生态适应性,在分析了瞬时光合效率的基础上,应用LI-6400光合作用测定系统测定了迁地保护试验区的四合木以及原生境伴生种白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的光合作用日变化,并测定了其生长量。结果表明:四合木实生苗的生长南北冠幅大小依次为乌海四合木核心区实生苗(26.48cm×27.26 cm)鄂尔多斯实生苗(21.27 cm×21.75 cm)阿拉善实生苗(19.25 cm×18.27 cm)。在原生境地乌海四合木核心区种植的实生苗与阿拉善实生苗之间的生长量存在显著差异(P≤0.01),与鄂尔多斯实生苗之间的生长量存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。迁地保护条件下四合木生实生苗植株叶片光合速率Pn日变化均呈"双峰"曲线。不同试验区四合木光合作用日变化(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均表现出明显的分异。迁地保护四合木条件下原生境地栽培的四合木实生苗的光合速率鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗的光合速率阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗。鉴此可以作进一步推论,孑遗濒危植物四合木从原生境地西鄂尔多斯核心区(乌海)东移进行迁地保护具有更高的生理生态适应性和生境适宜性。但完成"从种子到种子"进而实现"保存性和代表性",最终实现四合木迁地保护的"保持性和防止性",保持其遗传多样性和遗传稳定性,最终成功实现四合木的迁地保护仍有待作进一步探索和深入研究。     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

内循环UASB中微生物群落多样性分析研究

应用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chajn reaction,PCR)结合变形梯度凝胶电泳(denature gadient gel elecophoresis,DGGE)技术对内循环UASB反应器内活性污泥的微生物多样性进行分析。通过OMEGA试剂盒的方式提取活性污泥中微生物的基因组DNA,以细菌通用引物进行16S rDNA基因V3高变异区域PCR扩增,再将PCR产物(约200bp)进行变性梯度凝胶电泳分离(变形梯度为30%⁶0%),从而获得表征污泥样中微生物群落特征的DNA指纹图谱。借助Quantity One软件对不同污泥样进行多样性分析。研究表明,内循环UASB反应器内不同取样口取得的活性污泥虽有着共同的和不同的微生物种属,但DGGE图谱中多为共同带,少有特征带,污泥样品间的相似性很高、微生物群落多样性基本一致。反应器内污泥混合均匀、微生物种类丰富,反应器运行稳定且有很强的抗冲击能力。     

络合萃取法处理H酸、T酸生产废水

采用络合萃取法,以三辛胺为萃取剂、正辛醇为助溶剂及煤油为稀释剂处理H酸、T酸工业废水。正交实验表明:溶液pH对萃取率影响最大。H酸最适宜的萃取条件是:萃取剂浓度25.9%、相比5∶1、pH 2.0,经一级萃取COD去除率可达88.4%,T酸最适宜的萃取条件是:萃取剂浓度50%、相比4∶1、pH 1.5,经两级逆流萃取,萃取率可达97.2%。用20%的NaOH溶液对萃取相进行反萃取,回收得到的萃取剂可循环使用,为工业上H酸、T酸废水预处理提供了可行途径。     

资源型地区自然资源对经济增长影响的实证分析——基于2000-2016年中国重点煤炭城市样本

大多数资源型地区在自然资源开采过程中经济增长长期呈现缓慢现象。如何利用资源优势、摆脱资源瓶颈、实现经济可持续发展是资源型地区面临的关键问题。以2000-2016年我国重点煤炭城市面板数据为样本,探讨资源型地区自然资源影响经济增长的不同途径。结果显示：资源型地区短期受益于“资源红利”,但长期由于容易出现资源产业依赖行为而对其他经济活动和资源依赖产业产生“挤出效应”,影响长期经济增长速度;同时,资源型地区容易表现出依靠物质资本投资实现经济增长的“粗放型增长”特征。本文研究结论丰富了自然资源对经济增长影响机制的探索,对资源型地区如何实现可持续发展也具有一定的实践启示。     

长江口微塑料时空分布及风险评价

2017年春季、夏季在长江口附近海域进行采样,并对表层沉积物中微塑料的空间与时间分布规律进行了定性与定量的分析,利用污染负荷指数评价微塑料污染的风险程度.结果表明微塑料的浓度分布在季节变化上表现出明显的差异,在降水量丰富的夏季,微塑料的含量普遍更高;相同季节不同站点之间无明显的浓度分布差异,降水量对海洋微塑料的时空分布具有明显的影响.杭州湾海域在夏季期间微塑料浓度最高,为（39.33±14.34）particles/kg（DW）.微塑料的长度多在0.07~1.0mm之间,颜色丰富,形态主要为纤维状.傅里叶显微红外光谱仪检测出样品中含有的微塑料种类有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚酰胺,其中聚乙烯是主要的微塑料多聚物类型.运用污染负荷指数对微塑料的污染程度进行评价,长江口-杭州湾及其邻近海域的微塑料污染较轻.