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61.
Orarat Wangpradit Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd Katharina Heitz Larry Robertson Peter S. Thorne Gregor Luthe 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(3):2128-2137
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) persist and accumulate in the ecosystem depending upon the degree of chlorination of the biphenyl rings. Airborne PCBs are especially susceptible to oxidative metabolism, yielding mono- and di-hydroxy metabolites. We have previously demonstrated that 4-chlorobiphenyl hydroquinones (4-CB-HQs) acted as cosubstrates for arachidonic acid metabolism by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and resulted in an increase of prostaglandin production in vitro. In the present study, we tested the capability of 4-CB-HQ to act as a co-substrate for PGHS catalysis in vivo. BQ and 4-CB-2′,5′-HQ were administered intratracheally to male Sprague-Dawley rats (2.5 μmol/kg body weight) using nanosized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as carriers. We found that 24 h post application, PGE2 metabolites in kidney of rats treated with 4-CB-2′,5′-HQ were significantly increased compared to the controls. The increase of PGE2 metabolites was correlated with increased alveolar macrophages in lung lavage fluid. The elevation of PGE2 synthesis is of great interest since it plays a crucial role in balancing homeostasis and inflammation where a chronic disturbance may increase risk of cancer. PAMAM dentrimers proved to be an effective transport medium and did not stimulate an inflammatory response themselves. 相似文献
62.
Growth assays with mixed cultures of cyanobacteria and algae assessed by in vivo fluorescence: One step closer to real ecosystems? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A growth toxicity assay with mixed cultures of cyanobacteria and algae using in vivo fluorescence is presented. Test organisms (the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the cyanobacterium Aphanothece clathrata) growing alone and in a mixture were exposed to selected chemicals. P. subcapitata featured a higher sensitivity to toxicants in the presence of A. clathrata compared to the single species assay. On the other hand, growth of a cyanobacterium was not affected by the presence or absence of the green alga. The proposed method seems to be suitable for pre-screening studies of toxicants (algistatic agents, herbicides) applied into the aquatic environment and for the assessment of their impact on natural phytoplankton communities. 相似文献
63.
Mercury, cadmium and lead concentrations in different ecophysiological groups of earthworms in forest soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ernst G Zimmermann S Christie P Frey B 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1304-1313
Bioaccumulation of Hg, Cd and Pb by eight ecophysiologically distinct earthworm species was studied in 27 polluted and uncontaminated forest soils. Lowest tissue concentrations of Hg and Cd occurred in epigeic Lumbricus rubellus and highest in endogeic Octolasion cyaneum. Soils dominated by Dendrodrilus rubidus possess a high potential of risk of Pb biomagnification for secondary predators. Bioconcentration factors (soil-earthworm) followed the sequence ranked Cd > Hg > Pb. Ordination plots of redundancy analysis were used to compare HM concentrations in earthworm tissues with soil, leaf litter and root concentrations and with soil pH and CEC. Different ecological categories of earthworms are exposed to Hg, Cd and Pb in the topsoil by atmospheric deposition and accumulate them in their bodies. Species differences in HM concentrations largely reflect differences in food selectivity and niche separation. 相似文献
64.
Feasibility assessment of electrocoagulation towards a new sustainable wastewater treatment 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rodriguez J Stopić S Krause G Friedrich B 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(7):477-482
BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Electrocoagulation (EC) may be a potential answer to environmental problems dealing with water reuse and rational waste management. The aim of this research was to assess the feasibility of EC-process for industrial contaminated effluents from copper production, taking into consideration technical and economical factors. EC-technology claims to offer efficient removal rates for most types of wastewater impurities at low power consumption and without adding any precipitating agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Real wastewater from Saraka stream with high concentrations of heavy metals was provided by RTB-BOR, a Serbian copper mining and smelting complex. Runs were performed on a 10 l EC-reactor using aluminum plates as sacrificial electrodes and powered by a 40 A supply unit. Results concerning key factors like pH, conductivity and power consumption were measured in real time. Analysis of dissolved metal concentrations before and after treatment were carried out via ICP-OES and confirmed by an independent test via AAS. RESULTS: Several aspects were taken into account, including current density, conductivity, interfacial resistivity and reactor settings throughout the runs, in order to analyze all possible factors playing a role in neutralization and metal removal in real industrial wastewater. DISCUSSION: Electrode configurations and their effects on energy demand were discussed and exemplified based on fundamentals of colloidal and physical chemistry. CONCLUSIONS: Based on experimental data and since no precipitating agents were applied, the EC-process proved to be not only feasible and environmentally-friendly, but also a cost-effective technology RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The EC-technology provides strategic guidelines for further research and development of sustainable water management processes. However, additional test series concerning continuous operation must be still performed in order to get this concept ready for future large-scale applications. 相似文献
65.
Gregor Levin 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(3):2615-2625
A major obstacle to the conservation and management of semi-natural grassland (SNG) is the general lack of consistent and precise maps showing the extent and quality of this habitat type. SNG is related to, and influenced by, agricultural land use. Both intensive land use as well as a lack of extensive land use can reduce the extent and quality of SNG. For Denmark, this paper demonstrates how parcel-specific land-use data can be applied to detect localities with spatial convergences and conflicts between SNG and agricultural land use. Based on their respective influence on SNG, land use is aggregated into five major classes and spatially overlaid with existing nationally registered SNG. Results show that almost 11 % of all SNG is mapped either on cropped land or on rotational grassland, indicating a conflict between mapped SNG and land use. Thirty percent of SNG is mapped outside any agricultural land use, pointing to a lack of management. Fifty nine percent of SNG is mapped either on land receiving payments for grazing/mowing or on other land under extensive management, indicating a convergence between SNG and land use. Finally, 30 % of land receiving payments for grazing/mowing and 62 % of other land under extensive management does not contain any semi-natural habitat. Potential, as yet unmapped, SNG might exist in these localities. Based on these results it is argued that the application of parcel-specific land-use data could significantly improve monitoring of SNG. 相似文献
66.
Gregor Laaha Jon O. Skøien Franz Nobilis Günter Blöschl 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2013,18(6):671-683
Top-kriging is a method for estimating stream flow and stream flow-related variables on a river network. Top-kriging treats these variables as emerging from a two-dimensional spatially continuous process in the landscape. The top-kriging weights are estimated by a family of variogram models (regularisations) for different catchment areas (kriging support), which accounts for the different scales and the nested nature of the catchments. This assures that kriging weights are distributed to both hydrologically connected and unconnected sites of the stream network according to the data situation: top-kriging gives most weight to close-by sites at the same river system, but when the next hydrologically connected site is far away, more weight is given to a close-by site at an adjacent river system. The distribution of weights is in contrast to ordinary kriging and stream distance-based kriging which does not account for both spatial proximity and network connectivity. We extend the top-kriging method by incorporating an external drift function to account for the deterministic patterns of the spatial variable. We test the method for a comprehensive Austrian stream temperature dataset. The drift is modelled by exponential regression with catchment altitude. Top-kriging is then applied to the regression residuals. The variogram used in top-kriging is fitted by a semiautomatic optimisation procedure. A leave-one-out cross-validation analysis shows that the model performs well for the study domain. The residual mean squared error (cross-validation) decreases by 20 % when using top-kriging in addition to the regression model. For regions where the observed stream temperatures deviate from the expected value of the drift model, top-kriging corrects these regional biases. By exploiting the topological information of the stream network, top-kriging is able to improve the local adjustment of the drift model for the main streams and the tributaries. 相似文献
67.
Gregor Kalinkat Juliano S. Cabral William Darwall G. Francesco Ficetola Judith L. Fisher Darren P. Giling Marie‐Pierre Gosselin Hans‐Peter Grossart Sonja C. Jähnig Jonathan M. Jeschke Klaus Knopf Stefano Larsen Gabriela Onandia Marlene Pätzig Wolf‐Christian Saul Gabriel Singer Erik Sperfeld Ivan Jarić 《Conservation biology》2017,31(2):481-485
68.
Tatiana Semizhon Victoria Putyrskaya Gregor Zibold Eckehard Klemt 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Following the Chernobyl accident, 137Cs contamination levels of wild boar in some districts of Southern Germany are still exceeding thousands of Bq kg−1. While the long term 137Cs concentration in forest plants, mushrooms, and roe deer meat has decreased significantly, for wild boar it has remained constant during the last decade. Between 1998 and 2008, we analysed the muscle meat of 656 wild boars shot in the district (“Landkreis”) Ravensburg. The 137Cs activity concentration showed considerable variability from less than 5 up to 8266 Bq kg−1 and it followed a seasonal pattern, which is attributed to changes in dietary habits, fodder availability, meteorological conditions and specific behaviour of 137Cs in wild boar organism. Tag values for wild boars from the district Ravensburg varied from 0.008 to 0.062 m2 kg−1 during 2000–2008. 相似文献
69.
An improved method, a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction the so-called Suzuki-coupling, was used to synthesize 19 monofluorinated analogues (F-PCBs) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including analogues of PCBs 28, 52 and 81. The coupling of chlorinated and/or fluorinated isomers of aryl boronic acids with bromo- and/or iodobenzenes gave the desired F-PCB congeners in good to excellent yields. The self-coupling product of the aryl boronic acids was the major impurity, but this limitation could be minimized. The influence of ortho-substitution by chlorine on the reaction time was studied in detail. The F-PCBs were characterized by means of 1H and 19F NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). F-PCBs show remarkably similar characteristics in many aspects to those of the corresponding non-fluorinated parent PCBs. Since fluorine is generally resistant to degradation, once incorporated into a substrate it functions as an indelible label that can be used to monitor structures and dynamics. F-PCBs may prove their usefulness as markers and tracers in mechanistic and toxicological studies. The aim of further research will be to test the suitability of fluorine as a sensitive probe in a broad range of applications, including synthesis, analytical, mechanistic and toxicological studies. 相似文献
70.
Philippe Calmon Yves Thiry Gregor Zibold Aino Rantavaara Sergei Fesenko 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Compared to agricultural lands, forests are complex ecosystems as they can involve diverse plant species associations, several vegetative strata (overstorey, shrubs, herbaceous and other annual plant layer) and multi-layered soil profiles (forest floor, hemi-organic and mineral layers). A high degree of variability is thus generally observed in radionuclide transfers and redistribution patterns in contaminated forests. In the long term, the soil compartment represents the major reservoir of radionuclides which can give rise to long-term plant and hence food contamination. For practical reasons, the contamination of various specific forest products has commonly been quantified using the aggregated transfer factor (Tag in m2 kg−1) which integrates various environmental parameters including soil and plant type, root distribution as well as nature and vertical distribution of the deposits. Long lasting availability of some radionuclides was shown to be the source of much higher transfer in forest ecosystems than in agricultural lands. This study aimed at reviewing the most relevant quantitative information on radionuclide transfers to forest biota including trees, understorey vegetation, mushrooms, berries and game animals. For both radiocaesium and radiostrontium in trees, the order of magnitude of mean Tag values was 10−3 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). Tree foliage was usually 2–12 times more contaminated than trunk wood. Maximum contamination of tree components with radiocaesium was associated with (semi-)hydromorphic areas with thick humus layers. The transfer of radionuclides to mushrooms and berries is high, in comparison with foodstuffs grown in agricultural systems. Concerning caesium uptake by mushrooms, the transfer is characterized by a very large variability of Tag, from 10−3 to 101 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). For berries, typical values are around 0.01–0.1 m2 kg−1 (dry weight). Transfer of radioactive caesium to game animals and reindeer and the rate of activity reduction, quantified as an ecological half-life, reflect the soil and pasture conditions at individual locations. Forests in temperate and boreal regions differ with respect to soil type and vegetation, and a faster decline of muscle activity concentrations in deer occurs in the temperate zone. However, in wild boar the caesium activity concentration shows no decline because of its special feeding habits. In the late phase, i.e. at least a few months since the external radionuclide contamination on feed plants has been removed, a Tag value of 0.01 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) is common for 137Cs in the muscles of adult moose and terrestrial birds living in boreal forests, and 0.03 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) for arctic hare. Radiocaesium concentrations in reindeer muscle in winter may exceed the summer content by a factor of more than two, the mean Tag values for winter ranging from 0.02 to 0.8 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight), and in summer from 0.04 to 0.4 m2 kg−1. The highest values are found in the year of initial contamination, followed by a gradual reduction. In waterfowl a relatively fast decline in uptake of 137Cs has been found, with Tag values changing from 0.01 to 0.002 m2 kg−1 (fresh weight) in the three years after the contaminating event, the rate being determined by the dynamics of 137Cs in aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献