胶东半岛及附近海域地震活动性异常研究

根据胶东半岛及附近海域地震活动性参数的研究,对2012年存在的地震活动性异常演化情况进行跟踪分析,对2013年度出现的新地震异常进行分析,获得大震孕震过程时、空综合变化结果,提出胶东半岛及附近海域的震情趋势判定意见。     

Water Resource Management in Botswana: Balancing Sustainability and Economic Development*

Botswana is a rapidly developing country in southern Africa. Over the last three decades, diamond mining and tourism have provided double-digit rates of economic growth. Yet most of Botswana’s land is in the Kalahari desert where the climate is subject to sustained periods of severe drought. In this environment, water resources are the most crucial of all environmental resources. Water use directly affects economic development because water utilization impacts all the major national economic sectors. A sustainable water use resource management plan must stretch several decades into the future to assure the availability of adequate supplies of water to future generations while not compromising the ability of the current generation to reasonable rates of economic development. Yet thinking about sustainability is present in Botswana water policy mostly only in rhetoric. A series of cultural traditions and political constraints, coupled with bureaucratic managerial weaknesses, serve to maintain a system of water allocation that is unsustainable in the long run and inefficient in the short-term. Unless sustainable water use patterns are adopted, the results for the short-term, as well as the long-term, will be devastating. Drawing on data obtained through a series of interviews with government officials, leaders of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and water resource researchers, this paper explores water policy in Botswana within the larger context of sustainable natural resource management practice and the pressures of economic development. This research was partially funded under U.S. Department of State, College and University Affiliations Grant # ASCS-1095.     

Responses of protists with different feeding habits to the changes of activated sludge conditions: A study based on biomass data

Changes of protists, which were categorized into different functional groups primarily according to their feeding habits, in two full-scale municipal wastewater treatment systems experiencing sludge bulking were investigated over a period of 14 months. Protist biomass represented 3.7% to 5.2% of total biomass on average under normal sludge conditions, and the percentage increased significantly (p < 0.05) under sludge bulking conditions. The biomass of Chilodonella spp., capable of eating filamentous bacteria, tended to decrease in both systems when sludge bulking occurred, showing that the abnormal growth of filamentous bacteria did not lead to a biomass bloom of this group of protists. On the other hand, the bactivorous protists represented more than 96% of total protist biomass, and the biomass of this group, particularly the attached ciliates, increased significantly (p < 0.05) when sludge bulking occurred. The significant increase of the attached ciliates may have possibly facilitated the growth of filamentous bacteria through selectively preying on non-filamentous bacteria and further exacerbated sludge bulking. The redundancy analysis and correlation analysis results showed that the biomass changes of the attached ciliates were primarily related to the sludge volume index and to some extent related to five-day biochemical oxygen demand loading and hydraulic retention time.     

纳米TiO_2纤维的制备及其光催化降解甲醛研究

以胶原纤维为模板制备纳米TiO2纤维用于光助催化降解甲醛气体,用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和N2吸附-脱附技术对纳米TiO2纤维进行了表征。结果表明,纳米TiO2纤维的比表面积为11.33 m2/g,晶型为锐钛矿型。在相同催化反应条件下纳米TiO2纤维对甲醛气体的催化降解率与商品纳米TiO(2Degussa P25)催化剂相当。纳米TiO2纤维的用量、甲醛气体初始浓度是影响催化效果的两个因素。当甲醛气体初始浓度为0.270 mg/m3,相对湿度为38%,气体流速0.1 L/min,纳米TiO2纤维用量为1.0 g时,甲醛的降解率达到96%。因此,纳米TiO2纤维可用于室内甲醛气体的催化降解。     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

青海典型内陆河流域地表水溶解性养分组成及分布特征

为了解青海典型内陆河地表水溶解性养分组成及分布特征,对青海巴音河、格尔木河及小柴旦湖流域地表水进行了采集,分析了地表水溶解性养分的组成及含量。结果表明:巴音河流域溶解性养分N、Si可能受水库滞留效应影响;克鲁克湖有较高的NH_4~+-N含量,主要与渔业养殖有关;格尔木河流域溶解性养分含量从上游到下游有升高的趋势,可能与流域内地形差异以及水体沿途蒸发作用有关;托素湖和小柴旦湖溶解性养分含量远远高于河流,主要与湖泊水体蒸发强烈导致的养分含量浓缩有关。研究区水体溶解性养分含量均大于受限阈值,但河流DIN/SRP 10、DSi/DIN 1,表现为N相对不足,湖泊DSi/SRP 10、DSi/DIN 1,表现为Si相对不足。主成分分析表明河流、水库以及克鲁克湖为Ⅰ～Ⅱ类水体,托素湖、小柴旦湖为Ⅴ类水体。     

华中地区冬季灰霾天气下PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价:以湖北黄冈为例

为探究华中地区灰霾天PM_2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及其潜在健康风险,于2018年1月13~24日对华中区域观测点——黄冈站点加密采集PM_2.5样品.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对PM_2.5中Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn和Pb进行分析,通过富集因子法对其污染特征进行探讨,并采用美国环保署推荐的暴露模型对其潜在风险进行评估.结果表明,观测期间PM_2.5中Zn质量浓度最高,致癌物质As、Cd质量浓度均高于我国环境空气质量标准（GB 3095-2012）的二级标准限值,70%的元素质量浓度在灰霾中期占比最大.富集因子分析显示,Cd、Sn、Co、Pb和Zn富集程度最高,特别是在灰霾中期,这些物质主要来源于交通和燃煤.人体健康风险评价结果显示,手口摄食是引起非致癌风险的主要途径,儿童的暴露量和非致癌风险均明显高于成人.Pb对儿童存在非致癌风险,PM_2.5中重金属对成人不具有非致癌风险且致癌重金属不具有致癌风险.     

Evaluation of techniques used in the preparation of diesel extract samples for mutagenicity studies

Diesel exhaust particles were used to compare methods and techniques used in the preparation of particulate matter for microbial mutagenesis testing. Investigated in this study were extraction, concentration, and solvent exchange methodologies as they affected recovery of mutagenic material from diesel samples using a Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay. Solvent removal methods applicable for use in determining the mass concentration of extracts were also evaluated. Results indicated that particle samples Soxhlet extracted with dichloromethane yielded higher levels of mutagenic activity than did comparative samples utilizing sonication. No difference was seen between rotary evaporation or Kuderna-Danish macro concentration of extracts to volumes > 50 mL. In comparison of micro concentration techniques to volumes < 10 mL, vortex evaporation was found to be more efficient than a modified micro Kuderna-Danish method in recovery of mass and mutagenicity. Solvent exchanged samples were found to yield higher recoveries of mutagenic activity than samples taken to dryness and then reconstituted in the bioassay solvent. A dry mass weighing procedure utilizing desiccation was found to be more acceptable than either the use of an infrared heat lamp or nitrogen blowdown for solvent removal.     

一次大面积停电事故原因分析与防范措施

电力系统振荡故障引起的全系统周波、电压的剧烈变化,系统瓦解或大面积停电事故时有发生,无论对系统、电气设备还是用户都会造成极大危害.结合齐鲁公司电网2004年11月18日事故进行分析探讨,提出防范措施,以减少此类事故的发生.