水稻不同生育期根际与非根际土壤胞外酶对施氮的响应

与稻田土壤碳氮循环(矿化、转化等)密切相关的酶活性可以反映微生物的生长和代谢过程.为明确水稻不同生育期根际与非根际土壤胞外酶对施氮的响应,采用根际袋法区分水稻根际和非根际土壤,利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定其碳氮过程关键酶β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性,探讨根际效应、施氮和生育期对土壤酶活的影响及其调控机制.结果表明,施氮使拔节期土壤BG酶活性相对于不施氮处理降低了7.4~13.5 nmol·(g·h)~(-1),而使成熟期BG酶活性增大了7.0~31.4 nmol·(g·h)~(-1),同时根际与非根际土壤中BG酶活性也随水稻的生育期而发生相应的变化.与不施氮处理相比,施氮使水稻成熟期非根际土壤NAG酶活性增加了1.1倍,根际土壤降低了0.3倍.施氮和生育期显著影响土壤BG酶活性,而水稻生育期、施氮和根际效应及其交互作用均对NAG酶活性有极显著影响.RDA分析表明土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量主要影响水稻根际土壤胞外酶活性;而非根际土壤中酶活性的变化主要受微生物生物量氮(MBN)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的影响.土壤酶活性与多种因素存在复杂关系,需要综合考虑植物生理特征、土壤酶活性和土壤特征,分析N添加对微生物群落组成的影响.     

福建省地级市人为源活性氮排放及其特征分析

在人口增长和快速城市化的背景下,活性氮排放对生态环境的影响日益加剧.为研究省级尺度活性氮排放规律,采用排放因子法建立2000、2005及2010年福建省人为源活性氮排放清单,分析各地市3个年份活性氮排放量及排放强度特征.结果表明,3个年份福建省活性氮排放总量分别为538.4、587.0和619.97 Gg,呈整体增加趋势.在9个地级市中,增速最快的为莆田市,而漳州市排放量有所下降.排放量最大的为漳州和泉州,排放量最小的为宁德与厦门.从排放来源看,90%以上的排放来自农田生态系统和畜禽养殖系统.能源活动贡献较小,但其排放增长最为显著.2010年,各地市单位面积活性氮排放强度呈"东南沿海高西北内陆低"的格局,最高为厦门市,最低为三明市;GDP和人口排放强度则呈"东南沿海低西北内陆高"的格局,最高为南平市,最低为厦门市.在分析各地市活性氮排放源特征的基础上,探讨了不同地区活性氮减排重点,研究结果可为福建省及下辖各地市活性氮减排提供科学依据.     

不同湿地模型中根系微生物的多样性

为了研究不同植物和滤料组合的小型湿地模型在处理养殖池塘水体过程中根系微生物群落的特征,并分析植物对根系微生物富集的影响,本研究对两种植物(茭白和慈菇)和两种滤料(石榴石和磁铁矿)进行组合构建了6种不同的湿地模型,并利用高通量测序技术分析湿地植物根系微生物的结构特点和多样性.结果表明:不同湿地模型根系微生物的种类和数量各不相同;所有收集的微生物总体上属于52个门,118个纲,455科,905个属和1 426个种;根据Shannon指数,茭白(平均为5.77)比慈菇(平均为5.29)在微生物富集方面具有更强的能力;但是,慈菇和茭白根系微生物中变形菌门的比例分别平均为61.97%和51.78%,说明慈菇能够更好地富集变形菌.β-变形菌纲为实验期间不同植物根际富集的主要细菌类群.本研究结果为人工湿地植物优化选择提供了理论基础和湿地组合最佳构建提供了基础资料.     

基于格网GIS的重点生态功能区生态系统敏感性研究:以贵州省雷山县为例

为了科学地诊断出存在的环境问题,实现对生态环境的保护,以重点生态功能区雷山县为例,结合地形、地貌与气候等数据,以格网为评价单元,构建生态系统敏感性评价指标体系。采用层次分析法、区域综合法及格网GIS技术,对评价体系中各指标进行10 m×10 m尺度下的格网化表达,运用栅格数据的空间叠加方法及生态系统敏感性评价模型,综合评价雷山县生态系统敏感性空间格局。结果表明:雷山县生态系统敏感性较高,其中非敏感区和轻度敏感区面积较小,仅占总面积的5%和13.4%;其次是中度敏感区和极度敏感区,分别占总面积的26.3%和17%;高度敏感区面积最大,占总面积的38.3%。     

Pd-MnO2 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) photo-electrodes photo-catalytic properties and their ability of degrading Rhodamine B under visible light

Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 nanotube arrays(NTAs) photo-electrodes were successfully fabricated via anodization and electro deposition subsequently; the obtained Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 NTAs photo electrodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and characterized accordingly. Moreover, the light harvesting and absorption properties were investigated via ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum(DRS); photo degradation efficiency was investigated via analyzing the photo catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible illumination(xenon light). The performed analyses illustrated that Pd-MnO_2 codoped particles were successfully deposited onto the surface of the TiO_2 nanotube arrays;DRS results showed significant improvement in visible light absorption which was between400 and 700 nm. Finally, the photo catalytic degradation efficiency results of the designated organic pollutant(Rhodamine B) illustrated a superior photocatalytic(PC) efficiency of approximately 95% compared to the bare TiO_2 NTAs, which only exhibited a photo catalytic degradation efficiency of approximately 61%, thus it indicated the significant enhancement of the light absorption properties of fabricated photo electrodes and their yield of UOH radicals.     

堆肥化处理TNT红水污染土壤

DNTS[二硝基甲苯磺酸盐,主要包括2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸盐)和2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-(2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸盐]是TNT (2,4,6-三硝基甲苯)红水污染土壤中主要污染物质,为研究堆肥化对土壤中DNTS的降解效果,采用有机废物堆肥方法,探讨堆肥化对TNT红水污染土壤中DNTS降解的可行性,以及温度、含水率和pH变化对降解效果的影响.结果表明,有机废物堆肥能处理TNT红水污染土壤,在堆肥60 d内,5个堆肥体系(猪粪+木屑、猪粪+麦壳、污泥+木屑、污泥+麦壳和马粪+木屑)对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率为65.5%~88.4%,对2,4-DNT-5-SO₃-的降解率为60.9%~100%.在第4天各堆肥体系的高温阶段(29.7~53.6℃),5个堆肥化体系中2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-总量的49.5%~67.3%被降解,说明各堆体的中温-高温阶段对有机物的降解起重要作用.堆体含水率随堆肥时间的延长呈下降趋势,在堆肥第8天,外源补水至体系含水率为50%,猪粪+麦壳体系对2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率从70.2%增至88.4%,说明适当的外源补水可提高2,4-DNT-3-SO₃-的降解率.5个堆肥体系中pH均呈初期上升、后期下降并趋于稳定的趋势,但在整个堆肥过程中,堆体pH始终保持在7.3~8.3之间.研究显示,5个堆肥体系中猪粪+麦壳体系对DNTS的降解率最高,分别为88.4%和100%.      

Impacts of climate variability and changes on domestic water use in the Yellow River Basin of China

We present a methodology for using a domestic water use time series that were obtained from Yellow River Conservancy Commission, together with the climatic records from the National Climate Center of China to evaluate the effects of climate variability on water use in the Yellow River Basin. A suit of seven Global Circulation Models (GCMs) were adopted to anticipate future climate patterns in the Yellow River. The historical records showed evidences of rises in temperature and subsequent rises in domestic water demand in the basin. For Upstream of Longyangxia region, the impact was the least, with only 0.0021?×?10⁸ m³ for a temperature increase of 1 °C; while for Longyangxia-Lanzhou region, domestic water use was found to increase to 0.18?×?10⁸ m³ when temperature increases 1 °C. Downstream of Huayuankou was the region with the most changes in temperature that gave the highest increase of 1.95?×?10⁸ m³ in domestic water demand for 1 °C of change of temperature. Downstream of Huayuankou was identified as the most vulnerable area, where domestic water demand increases nearly by 42.2 % with 1 °C increase of temperature. Judging from the trends of temperature range, we concluded that future temperature in Yellow River Basin has an increasing tendency. This could worsen the existing issues of domestic water demand and even more to trigger high competition among different water-using sectors.     

基于OP-FTIR技术的炼油装置VOCs排放量监测

随着挥发性有机物排污收费政策的逐步实施,快速准确地监测企业VOCs排放量已成为环保部门和企业共同面对的难题。介绍了开路式傅里叶变换红外光谱技术原理及优势,研究了质量通量模式VOCs排放量计算方法,并以300 m×300 m某装置区域为例,完成了现场红外光谱测量、气象数据采集、数据有效性分析和VOCs排放量计算。研究结果表明,开路红外光谱技术极大提高了VOCs排放数据采集效率和准确性,进一步计算得出该装置区域VOCs年排放量平均值为98.7 t,为企业开展VOCs排放量核算提供了参考。     

外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放核算参数对排放量的影响研究

依据美国环保署颁布的储罐VOCs排放量核算公式,从环境参数、原油参数和储罐结构参数3个方面对外浮顶储罐VOCs排放的影响进行了研究,其中包括了边缘密封排放挂壁排放、浮盘附件排放和浮盘着陆期间排放等几个相关排放核算数学公式。结果表明:环境风速增大,环境温度升高或太阳辐射强度提高均导致排放量增大;原油温度升高或原油周转量增加也导致排放量增加;储罐直径增加,罐漆颜色浅,或者罐壁锈蚀情况好会降低VOCs排放量。     

HAZOP与LOPA联合分析在聚丙烯装置上的应用

阐述了危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)和保护层分析(LOPA),两种方法间的联系及HAZOP与LOPA联合分析流程。以20×10~4t/a聚丙烯装置为研究对象,选择其中低压聚合物脱气系统为示例节点,应用HALOPA分析软件对装置进行安全评价,对潜在风险进行定性和半定量分析,并提出相应的风险控制方案。