不同紫云英基因型对难溶性磷吸收利用的影响

通过石英砂培养试验,研究了不同基因型对紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）吸收和利用难溶性磷酸盐（Al-P和Fe-P）的影响。结果表明,紫云英在不同磷源中的生长性状、生物量以及植株不同部位的吸磷量有很大差异。从株高、茎粗、分枝数性状方面来看,均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,且两种难溶性磷处理之间差异达到显著或极显著水平。对大多数紫云英基因型来说Al-P的地上部、地下部及总干物质量都显著大于Fe-P,说明紫云英更容易活化和吸收Al-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号在利用难溶性磷时都显著高于余江大叶和弋江籽。不同紫云英基因型在不同磷源中,地上部、地下部吸磷量及总吸磷量也均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,即对不同磷源的吸收能力均以K-P最高,Al-P大于Fe-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷的吸收量均高于其它3个品种,表明闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解吸收能力。从植株吸磷量与生物量关系可以看出,紫云英植株地上部、地下部干物质量及总干物质量、鲜质量增加时,植株吸收磷的养分质量分数也随着增加,呈显著正相关。CK和Al-P处理总干物质量与总吸磷量拟合回归关系显著,但对水溶性K-P和Fe-P处理相关回归关系效果不明显,说明紫云英对难溶性磷吸收利用时,对Al-P吸收富集优于Fe-P。     

化学氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐污染影响的研究

蔬菜是一种容易富集硝酸盐的作物,菜农为了获得高产,而超量施用化学氮肥,致使蔬菜硝酸盐累积量剧增,品质恶化。研究表明：筛选出氯化铵和硫酸铵两种氮肥;施氮剂量每hm²以200kg为临界值;施氮安全始期,以追氮后8天上市为宜;化学氮肥与厩肥、土杂肥配用,能有效控制和降低蔬菜硝酸盐的累积分别达67.4％和45.7％。硝酸盐是亚硝胺的前体物,应减轻其对人体健康的潜在危害,并提高蔬菜品质。     

投影寻踪回归技术在环境污染预测中的应用

环境污染预测中常用的统计预测法基于“假定—模拟—预测”这样一种证实性数据分析思维模式,难以适应非线性、非正态分布数据分析。投影寻踪技术采用“审视数据—模拟—预测”这样一条探索性数据分析新途径,可以用来解决一定程度上的非线性、非正态的问题。应用投影寻踪回归新技术,建立了大气污染物SO₂浓度分类预测模型,其预测建模样本的拟合合格率为84.7％,预留预测检验样本预测合格率75％。     

云南省大气污染扩散输送特征研究

通过分析各种野外探测资料和常规气象资料,全面讨论了影响云南省大气扩散输送能力的各种特征量的变化和特点,并试图说明高原山区的特殊地形及局地小气候条件对这些特征量的影响,认为云南全省大气扩散输送具有以下特征：大气稳定度以中性类居多,频率占50％以上;风速廓线指数值比平原地区大得多,也比一般山区的大;大气混合层高度春冬季较大,夏秋季较小,下午较大,凌晨较小;滇东和滇西北扩散参数较大,滇南较小;辐射雾出现频繁是一种影响当地大气扩散输送的天气现象。     

酸性淋溶对铅锌尾矿金属行为的影响及植物毒性

露天存放的铅锌尾矿受到自身酸化和酸雨的双重影响,从而加剧尾矿对环境的影响。因此,研究尾矿在酸性条件下的重金属行为及其植物毒性,对植物在铅锌尾矿地的自然定居有非常重要的意义。将铅锌尾矿砂装柱,用pH2～7溶液淋溶50天的结果表明,酸度的提高可以显著地增加尾矿砂中重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd）的溶出。而随着时间的延长,Zn的溶出量明显增高,Pb和Cu的溶出则逐渐降低。在pH值＜3时,Cd的溶出逐渐升高,pH值＞3时,Cd的溶出也呈下降趋势。酸度对重金属溶出的影响由大至小依次为Zn＞Cd＞Cu＞Pb。渗滤液对植物的毒性随着起始淋溶酸度的提高与时间的推移而加剧     

利用粉煤灰改进含铜酸性废水硫化法处理工艺

用粉煤灰对硫化沉淀法处理含铜酸性废水工艺进行改进试验,试验表明粉煤灰有吸附和絮凝沉降的作用,可显著改善单一硫化法沉降速度慢和脱水困难的缺陷。     

青山水库底栖动物群落初步研究

1996年10月－1997年7月对青山水库底栖大型无脊椎动物群落进行了4次采样调查,共发现大型底栖无脊椎动物16种,其中寡毛类5种,水生昆虫7种,软件动物2种,蛭类和线虫各1种。青山水库底栖动物群落密度和生物量的水平变化为库出口＞库中心＞进口。湖区底栖动物群落占优势的各类为：刺夹长足摇蚊（Tanypus punctipennis）、花翅前突摇蚊（Procladius choreus)和霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)。调查结果表明,目前青山水库底栖动物群落的种类组成指示该水体已属富营养型,但从生物量上分析,目前青山水库应属中营养。     

Enhanced removal of humic acid from micro-polluted source water in a surface discharge plasma system coupled with activated carbon

Surface discharge plasma (SDP) combined with activated carbon (AC) was employed to eliminate dissolved organic matter from micro-polluted source water, with humic acid (HA) as the model pollutant. Synergistic effect on HA removal was observed in the SDP-AC system; HA removal efficiency reached 60.9% within 5-min treatment in the SDP-AC system with 5.0 g AC addition, whereas 16.7 and 17.4% of HA were removed in sole SDP system and AC adsorption, respectively. Scanning electron microscope and Boehm titration analysis showed that chemical reactions between active species and functional groups of AC occurred. The existence of isopropanol or benzoquinone exhibited inhibitive effects on HA removal in the SDP system, while these inhibitive effects were weakened in the SDP-AC system. The influences of AC on ozone equivalent concentration and H₂O₂ concentration were evaluated, and there were approximately 39 and 20% decline in ozone equivalent concentration and H₂O₂ concentration within 6-min treatment in the SDP-AC system, respectively, compared with those in the sole SDP system. Dissolved organic carbon, specific ultraviolet absorbance, and UV absorption ratios analysis demonstrated that the SDP treatment destroyed the chromophoric groups, double bonds, and aromatic structure of HA molecules, and these destructive actions were strengthened by AC.     

Climate capacity:the measurement for adaptation to climate change

This article proposed the concept of"climate capacity"as a way of measuring human’s adaptiveness to climate change.This article also focused on the related concepts like ecological carrying capacity,water resources carrying capacity,land carrying capacity as well as population carrying capacity.The concept of climate capacity was articulated against a background of global climate and environmental change.Essentially,China’s efforts to adapt to climate change was a matter of improving climate capacity,which is the ecosystem as well as the frequency,the intensity and the scale of human’s social activities that the climatic resources of a particular geographic area were supposed to support.The climate capacity has two components.One is the natural climate capacity,which includes temperature,sunlight,precipitation,extreme climatic events,etc.The other is the derived climate capacity,which includes water resources,land resources,ecological systems,climatic risks,etc.The climate capacity can be developed or be transferred between regions by taking engineering,technology or regime-based adaptive measures.However,these adaptive measures must be implemented under the principle of economic rationalism,ecological integrity,climate protection,and social justice.It is expected that by combining the climate capacity and its threshold value with the assessment of climate change risks,we are able to predict the optimal population carrying capacity and the scale of socioeconomic development,and furthermore,provide policy support for the socioeconomic development strategy and adaptive planning.In the regions with high climate capacity,there is a symbiotic relationship between adaptation and socioeconomic development.But,in the regions with limited climate capacity,irrational development may further damage the environment.Taking the Yangtze River delta,a region with high climate capacity,and a region of Ningxia,a region with limited climate capacity,as illustrative examples,the authors of this article analyzed the policy implications of climate capacity and further made suggestions on the problems of capacitylimited adaptation and development-driven adaptation.This article argued that the concept of climate capacity can not only be used as an analytical instrument of climate change economics,but also it can provide research support for planning regional adaptation and development with climate change impact and risk assessments.     

北仑河口海域小型硅藻群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

北仑河口地处亚热带-热带地区,气候温暖湿润,是我国北部湾沿岸与越南交界的一个重要入海河口。于2008年3、5、8和11月分别采集该海域小型浮游硅藻,同时测定水温、盐度等水体参数,以及氮、磷、硅等18项水化学指标,分析了小型硅藻群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系。该河口区的小型硅藻主要由纤细翼鼻状藻Proboscia alata f.gracillima、拟旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus、细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis、中华齿状藻Odontella sinensis和菱形藻Nitzschiasp.等优势种类组成,并且存在明显的季节性演替。应用典范对应分析,发现影响北仑河口硅藻群落结构的主要环境因子为温度、盐度、N、Si、Hg和悬浮体质量浓度等,且不同季节的主控因素有所差异。菱形藻对温度和Cu、As、Zn和Hg等重金属的耐受性较强。纤细翼鼻状藻适宜于生长在水体透明度高的海域,悬浮体质量浓度以6.27 mg.L-1以下为宜。拟旋链角毛藻受Cr的影响较大,高含量的Cr会限制其生长。而细弱海链藻和中华齿状藻对Hg的耐受性较强。