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851.
852.
决策偏好对水环境污染物总量分配的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
总量分配是制订污染物总量控制方案的基础,在总量分配方法中合理性指数法是由各因素组成的多目标分配方法,是一种新方法、新思路.由于各因素之间对应的权重系数通常采用专家打分方法确定,因此,分析主观性对总量分配结果的影响具有十分重要的意义.论文共选取30名不同领域的人员,并进行分组,分别对权重因子进行打分,分析不同类型的人员权重分布的特点及其对污染物总量分配结果的影响.研究结果表明:不同人员的权重因子对污染物总量分配具有一定的影响,对最后的决策结果产生一定的不确定性.从分配总量结果来看,TN、TP平均值分别为1.64万t·a-1、0.12万t·a-1,标准差分别为0.16万t·a-1、0.014万t·a-1,变差系数分别为0.09、0.12;从分组结果来看,管理人员一致性较好,研究人员一致性较差.总体而言,综合考虑不同领域专家的意见是保持总量分配方案的合理性和一致性的有效途径. 相似文献
853.
Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon (BAC) (Process A) and ceramic membrane-BAC (Process B) were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure) were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively. 相似文献
854.
A novel coupled system using Co–Ti O2 was successfully designed which combined two different heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes, sulfate radical based Fenton-like reaction(SR-Fenton) and visible light photocatalysis(Vis-Photo), for degradation of organic contaminants. The synergistic effect of SR-Fenton and Vis-Photo was observed through comparative tests of 50 mg/L Rhodamine B(Rh B) degradation and TOC removal. The Rhodamine B degradation rate and TOC removal were 100% and 68.1% using the SR-Fenton/Vis-Photo combined process under ambient conditions, respectively. Moreover, based on XRD, XPS and UV-DRS characterization, it can be deduced that tricobalt tetroxide located on the surface of the catalyst is the SR-Fenton active site, and cobalt ion implanted in the Ti O2 lattice is the reason for the visible light photocatalytic activity of Co–Ti O2. Finally, the effects of the calcination temperature and cobalt concentration on the synergistic performance were also investigated and a possible mechanism for the synergistic system was proposed. This coupled system exhibited excellent catalytic stability and reusability,and almost no dissolution of Co2+was found. 相似文献
855.
Bo Yao Lingxi Zhou Lingjun Xi Gen Zhang Lifeng Guo Zhao Liu Shuangxi Fang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(12):2451-2458
We present in-situ measurements of atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride(SF6) conducted by an automated gas chromatograph–electron capture detector system and a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at a regional background site, Shangdianzi,in China, from June 2009 to May 2011, using the System for Observation of Greenhouse gases in Europe and Asia and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment(AGAGE)techniques. The mean background and polluted mixing ratios for SF6 during the study period were 7.22 × 10-12(mol/mol, hereinafter) and 8.66 × 10-12, respectively. The averaged SF6 background mixing ratios at Shangdianzi were consistent with those obtained at other AGAGE stations located at similar latitudes(Trinidad Head and Mace Head), but larger than AGAGE stations in the Southern Hemisphere(Cape Grim and Cape Matatula). SF6 background mixing ratios increased rapidly during our study period, with a positive growth rate at 0.30 × 10-12year-1. The peak to peak amplitude of the seasonal cycle for SF6 background conditions was 0.07 × 10-12, while the seasonal fluctuation of polluted conditions was 2.16 × 10-12. During the study period, peak values of SF6 mixing ratios occurred in autumn when local surface horizontal winds originated from W/WSW/SW/SWS/S sectors, while lower levels of SF6 mixing ratios appeared as winds originated from N/NNE/NE/ENE/E sectors. 相似文献
856.
Treatment of sewage using an aged-refuse-based bioreactor 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The refuse in landfills becomes stabilized or aged after years of placement, and the resultant partly or fully stabilized refuse thus obtained is referred to as "aged refuse" in this work. The aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and large quantity of microorganisms, which have been proved to have a strong decomposition capability for both biodegradable and refractory organic matter present in some wastewaters. In this study, the aged refuse excavated from a 10-year old closed landfill compartment at Shanghai Refuse Landfill was used as the substrate in a bioreactor for the biofiltration of sewage taken from the sewage pipeline systems in Shanghai downtown areas. Typically, 120kg of screened aged refuse with a diameter less than 15mm was used as biofiltration material in a round shaped bioreactor with an inner diameter of 80cm and a height of 150cm. Influent sewage with initial COD, BOD, and NH(3)-N concentrations of 400-500, 240-300, and 45-50mg/L, respectively, was introduced into the bioreactor. The corresponding concentrations in the effluent were reduced to below 80-100, 10-20, and 10-15mg/L, respectively, at a hydraulic load of 1000-1200L/m(3) refuse/day, and the treatment efficiencies decreased with increased hydraulic load. The treatment mechanism was also studied. It was found that the pollutant removal efficiencies dramatically decreased when the aged refuse in the bioreactor was preliminarily disinfected using NaClO solutions, indicating that the pollutants in the sewage were biologically removed. The treatment process developed in this work is cost-effective. 相似文献
857.
858.
The speciation and extent of migration of adsorbed Pb and Cd in natural surface coatings (NSCs) were investigated using sequential extraction procedure to provide an understanding of distribution of the adsorbed Pb and Cd. Extractions were conducted on NSCs before and after Pb and Cd adsorption treatment under controlled laboratory conditions with initial Pb and Cd concentrations ranging from 0.2-2.5 mol/l. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms were applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to NSCs components. The results showed that 58.50% of adsorbed Pb in average existed in tightly adsorbed form, and the remaining Pb was mostly present as solid oxides/hydroxides (34.00%) and exchangeable and soluble form (7.50%) in NSCs, respectively. Large amount of adsorbed Cd (70.51% in average) was present in exchangeable and soluble form, following a decreasing order in tightly adsorbed form (18.61%), solid oxides/hydroxides (9.87%), and easily oxidizable solids/compounds (1.01%), respectively. No Cd was found in strongly held oxides and precipitates. Compared to the distribution of adsorbed Pb in NSCs, Cd distribution showed that less migration of Cd from exchangeable and soluble form to solid oxides/hydroxides after adsorbed to NSCs, indicating fewer sites for Cd to adsorb to NSCs and less affinity of Cd to the NSCs. These percent distributions of metals provided an additional interpretation to that Pb adsorption to the NSCs greater than that of Cd, less retention of Cd than that of Pb and less roles attributed for Pb/Cd adsorption by organic materials in NSCs, which were observed based on the selective extraction techniques in the independent investigations. 相似文献
859.
Distribution of Al-, Fe- and Mn-pools and their correlation in soils from two acid deposition small catchments in Hunan, China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Distribution of Al-, Fe- and Mn-pools was investigated in five forest soil profiles (consisting of four horizons) in each of two Hunan catchments (BLT and LKS) where acid deposition has been considered critical. Al- and Fe-pools were higher in BLT than those in LKS, but Mn-pools much lower in BLT. Mn-pools vary from topsoils to bottom soils, but there are different trends for different Mn speciation. Al- and Fe-pools, except amorphous Feox, were positively correlated to contents of soil organic matter (OM) showed by the loss on ignition in the two catchments. Accumulation of Al- and Fe-pools may occur in the area where soil organic matter was enriched (e.g. in top soil and rhizosphere soil). However, no direct correlation is observed between Mn and OM. Acidic atmospheric deposition may affect transforming among speciations of Al-, Fe- and Mn-pools and leaching of soil Al, Fe and Mn through formation of soluble organo-metal dissolved Al which was potentially toxic, increased. There were significant correlations between Al-pools complexes or change of oxidation–reduction conditions. Mnex (exchangeable Mn) and Mnox (amorphous and organic Mn) were highly linearly correlation with soil pH values at LKS but at BLT. Under acid deposition, the availability of the nutrient Fe increased with the amount of dissolved Al, which was potentially toxic, in the two catchments. There are no significant correlations between Alex (exchangeable Al) and Mnex, Feex (exchangeable Fe) and Mnex in this work, indicating potentially toxic Mn increase seldom accompanying with Al increase in the two catchments. 相似文献
860.
Removal of SO2 from O2-containing flue gas by activated carbon fiber (ACF) impregnated with NH3 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Adsorption of SO(2) from the O(2)-containing flue gas by granular activated carbons (GACs) and activated carbon fibers (ACFs) impregnated with NH(3) was studied in this technical note. Experimental results showed that the ACFs were high-quality adsorbents due to their unique textural properties. In the presence of moisture, the desulphurization efficiency for the ACFs was improved significantly due to the formation of sulfuric acid. After NH(3) impregnation of ACF samples, nitrogen-containing functional groups (pyridyl C(5)H(4)N- and pyrrolyl C(4)H(4)N-) were detected on the sample surface by using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. These functional groups accounted for the enhanced SO(2) adsorption via chemisorption and/or catalytic oxidization. 相似文献