我国重金属环境标准发展对策

我国重金属污染严重,研究制定严格的环境标准是从源头解决重金属污染的根本所在。本文在综合国内外重金属标准的制定情况基础上,研究提出：强化环境标准,确立保障人体健康的核心地位;要综合考虑重金属排放标准与环境质量标准的协同;强化重金属环境基准的研究,提高环境标准的可达性。     

反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的参数优化

为促进反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化工艺的耦合,实现污水氮、磷的同步高效去除,构建序批式反应器(Sequencing batch reactor,SBR),优化了反硝化除磷工艺实现亚硝酸盐积累的工艺参数.SBR在厌氧-缺氧-微好氧运行条件下,缺氧段投加模拟硝酸盐工业废水逐步实现了反硝化除磷过程的亚硝酸盐积累.结果表明,经过142d的培养驯化,在进水C/P比为55时,缺氧段引入NO₃^--N浓度为23mg/L时,亚硝酸盐积累率为51.01%,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率为40.22%,硝酸盐去除率为72.14%,PO₄^3--P去除率最高达88.17%.出水COD浓度低于25mg/L,COD去除率维持在90%以上.微生物群落结构分析表明,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为系统内优势菌门.通过参数优化实现了聚磷菌的驯化,Candidatus Accumulibacter为代表的反硝化聚磷菌丰度增加(累积丰度由1.49%增加到5.08%),以Candidatus Competibacter为代表的反硝化聚糖菌丰度增加更为明显(累积丰度由1.02%增加到15.49%),聚磷菌与聚糖菌的共同作用有利于实现除磷过程的亚硝酸盐累积.     

贵州喀斯特区域土壤有机质的分布与演化特征

中国西南喀斯特区域是全球最大的喀斯特生态区域之一,该区生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重,石漠化趋势严峻。土壤有机质是极为重要的保持土壤结构与质量的物质,深刻认识喀斯特区域土壤有机质的特征与演化是防治和改善我国西南喀斯特区域石漠化现状的迫切需求。本文以贵州省为例,总结归纳前人的研究成果,阐述了该区土壤有机质的分布规律与演化特征,探讨了影响该区土壤有机质分布的因素,以期提出更好的石漠化防治策略。中国西南喀斯特区域土壤受该区多山地形的限制,具有水平地带性以及垂直地带性特征,同时受到喀斯特地质地貌的控制,发育各种非地带性土壤,本区土壤类型多、成因复杂;土壤有机质的分布、演化特征与土壤类型密切相关,具有明显的区域特点。贵州省分布广泛的主要土壤有黄壤、石灰土、红壤、紫色土、黄棕壤、棕壤以及水稻土等。其中,棕壤有机质含量最高,原因可能是棕壤存在区域海拔高,气温低,抑制微生物活动,土壤有机质分解过程比较缓慢;石灰土有机质含量高,原因可能是土壤中钙的含量较高,有机质的保存可能受益于腐殖酸钙及碳酸盐沉淀的包裹保护;而黄壤和红壤等酸性土壤有机质主要是与R_2O_3结合,有机质的活性高于石灰土;黄棕壤有机质含量介于棕壤和黄壤之间;紫色土由于土壤质地的原因,有机质含量最低。     

Effects of Errors and Gaps in Spatial Data Sets on Assessment of Conservation Progress

Data on the location and extent of protected areas, ecosystems, and species’ distributions are essential for determining gaps in biodiversity protection and identifying future conservation priorities. However, these data sets always come with errors in the maps and associated metadata. Errors are often overlooked in conservation studies, despite their potential negative effects on the reported extent of protection of species and ecosystems. We used 3 case studies to illustrate the implications of 3 sources of errors in reporting progress toward conservation objectives: protected areas with unknown boundaries that are replaced by buffered centroids, propagation of multiple errors in spatial data, and incomplete protected‐area data sets. As of 2010, the frequency of protected areas with unknown boundaries in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) caused the estimated extent of protection of 37.1% of the terrestrial Neotropical mammals to be overestimated by an average 402.8% and of 62.6% of species to be underestimated by an average 10.9%. Estimated level of protection of the world's coral reefs was 25% higher when using recent finer‐resolution data on coral reefs as opposed to globally available coarse‐resolution data. Accounting for additional data sets not yet incorporated into WDPA contributed up to 6.7% of additional protection to marine ecosystems in the Philippines. We suggest ways for data providers to reduce the errors in spatial and ancillary data and ways for data users to mitigate the effects of these errors on biodiversity assessments. Efectos de Errores y Vacíos en Conjuntos de Datos Espaciales sobre la Evaluación del Progreso de la Conservación     

新时期环境宣传教育工作的思考和探索

环境保护是一个复杂的社会系统工程，环境宣传教育具有先导和前驱的重要作用，只有充分认识宣教工作的重要意义，建立良好的宣教体制，加大宣教投入，全面提高宣教队伍素质，积极开展宣传教育研究，进一步唤醒人们环境保护的自觉性和责任心，环境保护的目标才能实现。     

基于GIS的大气污染源项分类体系及臭氧浓度相关性分析

近年来,中国城市的急速发展伴生了严峻的空气污染问题,其中,臭氧污染问题亦十分突出.量化分析各类污染源对空气污染的影响程度是制定相关政策及有效解决空气污染问题的关键.但大气污染源种类繁复,要对所有源项进行细致排查难以实现,随着GIS和地图产品的丰富,地理信息大数据为更便捷详尽地掌握地面源项信息提供了可能.本文以成都为例,对地理信息数据进行分类并建立其与各类源项的表征关系,基于统计分析探讨各类源项与臭氧浓度的相关性,并分析评价各种源项对成都市臭氧问题的影响.结果表明,成都市近年来臭氧问题的加剧与人类活动密切相关,其中,工业源与臭氧浓度相关性最大,机动车服务源的溶剂使用与臭氧浓度也呈正相关.交通源由于NO_x和VOC之间的相互作用会在一定程度上抑制臭氧生成,从而与臭氧浓度的相关性显著水平较低.这些结果的发现对于精细化空气质量管理和污染防治具有非常重要的意义.     

基于烦恼改善程度优选噪声控制方案

影响噪声烦恼的声学参量较多,然而在传统噪声控制工程中,往往仅根据A计权声压级所需降低量进行控制方案设计,未能从烦恼改善程度优选方案.为此,本研究提出一种基于烦恼改善程度优选噪声控制方案的方法,并将该方法应用于变电站声屏障噪声控制方案的比选.结果表明,同一声屏障方案对不同关心点噪声烦恼的改善程度差异较大,A计权声压级降低量最大的声屏障方案对噪声烦恼的改善效果未必最好.因此,噪声控制工程设计中,宜根据所关心的声环境保护目标与噪声源的相对位置,选取对保护目标处噪声烦恼改善程度较大的方案.     

海上溢油回收装置的应用和发展

分析和评价了撇油器等主要回收装置在实际操作中的性能、效率和制约因素 ,对将来海上溢油回收装置的发展进行了探讨。     

Effects of agricultural runoff on vegetation composition of a priority conservation wetland, Vermont, USA

This study examined the effects of agricultural runoff on the vegetation structure of Franklin Bog, a priority conservation area located in a rapidly developing region of northwestern Vermont. Forested and agricultural runoff from the mixed land use watershed created differential vegetation patterns in the wetland, including weedy species introductions. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured in the stream runoff from four forested subwatersheds and two agricultural subwatersheds. Nutrient concentrations were significantly higher for agricultural vs. forested runoff for all measured parameters. Nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations in agricultural runoff ranged from 0.62 to 1.35 mg L(-1) and 0.07 to 0.37 mg L(-1), respectively. Forested runoff values were less than 0.37 mg L(-1) nitrate and 0.09 mg L(-1) total phosphorus. Significantly higher proportions of weedy species occurred at impacted vs. reference sites (46 +/- 5% vs. 23 +/- 4%). Furthermore, significantly higher total percent vegetated cover occurred at impacted vs. reference sites (116 +/- 11% vs. 77 +/- 9%) suggesting nutrient induced plant growth. Of the nine frequently occurring species categorized as bog species, only one was found within impacted sites while all nine were found at the reference sites. This suggests that the wetland's distinctive native flora is being replaced by widespread, vigorous species enhanced by agricultural nonpoint pollution in the watershed of Franklin Bog. Protection of wetlands requires attention to conservation measures throughout the entire watershed.     

Field calibration of surface: a model of agricultural chemicals in surface waters

Agricultural chemicals sporadically occur at detectable levels in the surface waters of intensively farmed watersheds. HSPF, a previously released model of agricultural chemicals in surface water, had been used to predict concentrations which were much higher (10 X) than those actually observed during monitoring studies. A new model, SURFACE, is described here which is much simpler than HSPF and gives better predictions of surface water concentrations. SURFACE uses PRZM, an EPA model, to calculate edge-of-field runoff losses and simple hydraulic routing algorithms to determine concentrations at the bottom of large river basins. In water systems sampled during 1985 and 1986, SURFACE predictions of annualized mean concentrations for alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were within 0.09 ppb half of the time.