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171.
移动源尾气排放已成为我国空气污染的主要来源之一,相比于道路移动源来说,非道路移动源尾气排放的减排控制工作仍处于初级阶段。本研究就非道路移动源尾气减排控制的三种主要措施——整车淘汰、发动机更换以及发动机维修,对中国非道路工程和农业机械进行费效分析,探讨经济可行的控制途径。研究假设农业和工程机械的使用年限分别为15年和10年,同时假设采取减排措施后所有机械均达到国IV排放标准。研究表明,采取减排措施后,农业机械每年可减排NOx 40万~45万t,但PM污染物减排效益不明显;工程机械每年可减排NOx约52万t,且PM污染物每年可减排量约16万t,但费用可高达2000亿~25 000亿元,且不同措施的差别巨大,以整车淘汰费用最高。多数农业机械发动机维修所需费用高于发动机更换,相反,工程机械发动机更换所需费用高于发动机维修。因此,在采用减排措施和制定政策时,需要根据实际情况进行调整。对农业机械,采用发动机更换的减排方式更经济;对工程机械,采用发动机维修的减排措施更实惠。 相似文献
172.
为了减少调控中心主站系统的日常运行维护工作量,全面直观、便捷地对变电站进行监控,利用变电站图形网关服务器的告警采集模块通过规约协议直接收取间隔层中的测控及保护装置数据,通过TCP与调控中心主站告警接收模块建立链接,实现实时数据、实时画面、实时功能的“全网共享”。 应用结果表明:“告警直传、远程浏览”功能可将优化后的监控数据和告警信息接入调度主站系统,实现调控信息分层、分类接入变电站调控信息交互规范,满足“调控一体化”建设要求。 相似文献
173.
Mark L. Kram Steve Airhart Daniel Tyler Amy Dindal Andrew Barton John L. McKernan Gregg Gustafson 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2011,21(3):89-101
Environmental monitoring, data processing, and reporting methods are expensive, labor‐ and resource‐intensive, time‐consuming, and often inaccurate. An innovative project management platform was developed for integrating environmental monitoring sensors, telemetry, geographical information systems, models, and geostatistical algorithms for automatically generating contour maps and time‐stamped renderings of sensor attributes and multivariate analyses. More specifically, algorithms converting sensor‐derived head and solute concentration values allow for automated monitoring of mass flux and discharge to evaluate groundwater remediation system performance and contaminant discharges from aquifers to surface‐water receptors. Life‐cycle costs and carbon footprints were reduced due to the elimination of energy and labor expenditures associated with transportation, data collection, laboratory efforts, report generation, and information dissemination. A brief summary of two demonstrations of this sensor‐based water resources management application is presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
174.
Ronald E. Rice Abel Gustafson Zane Hoffman 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2018,12(3):301-321
The prevalence of uncertainty and opinion divergence frames in climate change news reporting has generated concerns about the misrepresentation of scientific consensus. We first develop reliable, valid, and more nuanced measures of often-conflated types of uncertainty and opinion divergence frames. Then we analyse the co-occurrence combinations of those distinct types of opinions, sources, and topics in mainstream climate change news stories between 2005 and 2015. Results indicate that while uncertainty and opinion divergence frames are indeed frequent, once clearly distinguished, they in general accurately reference non-scientist sources (e.g. government officials) and topics that do not have a scientific consensus (e.g. the severity of climate change effects). 相似文献
175.
利用火灾现场中燃烧物沉积物所特有的火灾原始信息,可以帮助火灾调查人员准确辨识与鉴别起火部位或起火点附近可燃物分部情况,辅助判断初始起火材料和起火部位的特点,通过燃烧模拟试验,开展了木材、化纤织物、棉织物、PVC制品、聚氨酯泡沫等常见固体可燃物燃烧沉积物微观形貌特征研究。首先,利用SEM 分析了不同材料沉积物中粒子分布、微观形貌等结构性差异。接着,进行了颗粒物的形貌学测量和组成成分测定。最终,得到了样本的量化差异特征。研究结果表明:5种固体可燃材料燃烧沉积物存在结构性差异,但并不显著;对组成粒子进行的形貌学测量和成分测定,可以量化区分材料属性。该方法可以为建立火灾现场起火部位可燃材料的燃烧时序性提供技术支持。 相似文献
176.
黄土高原地区土壤田间持水量的计算 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
研究应用土壤类型图和土壤剖面数据库,通过不同土壤质地标准转换,识别黄土高原地区土壤质地类型。在此基础上,应用土壤转换函数法和土壤质地信息进行1m深度内土壤田间持水量的计算,再根据土壤质地信息和植被类型数据进行有效土壤厚度的估算。结果表明,该参数在黄土高原地区有很大的差异,大体趋势是从东南向西北逐渐降低。西北部土壤田间持水量较低,大部分地区为200~300mm;河套地区较高,为400~500mm;中部地区为300~400mm,少数的森林区域可以达到500~600mm。东南部的土田间持水量较高,大部分区域为400~500mm;森林区域可以达到700~800mm。 相似文献
177.
178.
The impact of domestic wood burning on personal, indoor and outdoor levels of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gustafson P Barregard L Strandberg B Sällsten G 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(1):23-32
The aim of this study was to quantify personal exposure and indoor levels of the suspected or known carcinogenic compounds 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in a small Swedish town where wood burning for space heating is common. Subjects (wood burners, n = 14), living in homes with daily use of wood-burning appliances were compared with referents (n = 10) living in the same residential area. Personal exposure and stationary measurements indoors and at an ambient site were performed with diffusive samplers for 24 h. In addition, 7 day measurements of 1,3-butadiene and benzene were performed inside and outside the homes. Wood burners had significantly higher median personal exposure to 1,3-butadiene (0.18 microg m(-3)) compared with referents (0.12 microg m(-3)), which was also reflected in the indoor levels. Significantly higher indoor levels of benzene were found in the wood-burning homes (3.0 microg m(-3)) compared with the reference homes (1.5 microg m(-3)). With regard to aldehydes, median levels obtained from personal and indoor measurements were similar although the four most extreme acetaldehyde levels were all found in wood burners. High correlations were found between personal and indoor levels for all substances (r(s) > 0.8). In a linear regression model, type of wood-burning appliance, burning time and number of wood replenishments were significant factors for indoor levels of 1,3-butadiene. Domestic wood burning seems to increase personal exposure to 1,3-butadiene as well as indoor levels of 1,3-butadiene and benzene and possibly also acetaldehyde. The cancer risk from these compounds at exposure to wood smoke is, however, estimated to be low in developed countries. 相似文献
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180.