Using a process-based model to understand dynamics of Chinese agricultural and water technology development from 8000 bc to 1911 ad

Advancements in technology are inextricably bound to our society and the natural environment. However, how the development process of a technology system interacts with both remains unclear. We propose a process model to understand the complex dynamics among technology, society, and the environment via seven interactive elements: technologies, actors, receiving bodies, natural contexts, social contexts, temporal–spatial contexts, and outcomes. The model was applied to agricultural and water technology development in China from 8000 bc to 1911 ad. Our findings show that these elements did not play equally important roles in different periods of the development in ancient China, with social contexts most dominating during the earlier periods and both social and environmental concerns arising towards the later periods. The proposed model, by identifying the elements in the technology development that should be strengthened, can act as an analysis device to assist in reconfiguring a more sustainable socio-technological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01424-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Photooxidation mechanism of nitrogen-containing compounds at TiO2/H2O interfaces: an experimental and theoretical examination of hydrazine derivatives

The photocatalytic oxidation of oxalyldihydrazide, N,N'-bis(hydrazocarbonyl)hydrazide, N,N'-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazide, malonyldihydrazide, N-malonyl-bis[(N'-ethoxycarbonyl)hydrazide] was examined in aqueous TiO2 dispersions under UV illumination. The photomineralization of nitrogen and carbon atoms in the substrates into N2 gas, NH4+ (and/or NO3-) ions, and CO2 gas was determined by HPLC and GC analysis. The formation of carboxylic acid intermediates also occurred in the photooxidation process. The photocatalytic mechanism is discussed on the basis of the experimental results, and with molecular orbital (MO) simulation of frontier electron density and point charge. Substrate carbonyl groups readily adsorb on the TiO2 surface, and the bonds between carbonyl group carbon atoms and adjacent hydrazo group nitrogen atoms are cleaved predominantly in the initial photooxidation process. The hydrazo groups were photoconverted mainly into N2 gas (in mineralization yields above 70%) and partially to NH4 ions (below 10%). The formation of NO3- ions was scarcely recognized.     

多种固废协同处理电解锰渣固锰除氨的最优配比及效果分析

为降低电解锰渣中Mn²⁺和NH₄⁺-N的污染,实现多种固体废物减量化处理,采用锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰3种大宗固废协同处理,并加入少量生石灰,制备无害化固结体,利用水浸法评估无害化效果,并通过BCR提取、XRD和SEM对最佳处理固结体固锰除氨机理进行分析。结果表明,通过正交实验和单因素优化实验,当固结体中锰渣、赤泥、粉煤灰、生石灰的质量分数分别为30%、44%、24%、2%时,浸出液中可溶性Mn²⁺质量浓度降至5.23 μg·L⁻¹,固化率达99.99%;NH₄⁺-N质量浓度降至0.70 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到99.93%,pH=8.86,能够满足《污水综合排放标准》 (GB 8978-1996) 最高允许排放浓度和一级标准限值;同时浸出液中Mn²⁺、NH₄⁺-N的质量浓度均满足《锰渣污染控制技术规范》 (HJ 1241-2022) 中锰渣利用污染控制要求,可以作为替代原料用于生产除水泥之外的其它建筑材料产品。赤泥、生石灰为处理体系提供碱度,粉煤灰增加胶凝作用,使得无害化处理效果良好。本研究结果可为大宗固废协同无害化、减量化处理提供参考。     

云南松华坝流域3种本土野生植物镉富集特性比较与应用

在镉(Cd)污染区域筛选富集能力强的本土野生植物是Cd污染土壤植物修复的路径之一。在云南松华坝流域土壤Cd含量超风险筛选值地块生长的杂草中,初步筛查表明牛膝菊、艾蒿和灰藜具有Cd富集潜力。为进一步探明其修复能力,通过盆栽和田间实验比较了这3种野生植物的Cd富集特性和修复能力。结果表明,牛膝菊和艾蒿Cd富集系数与转运系数均大于1,灰藜小于1。施肥措施不仅能显著提高3种本土野生植物的株高和地上部生物量,而且能显著提高牛膝菊地上部和根系的Cd含量、Cd转运系数和Cd富集系数。牛膝菊地上部和根系的Cd含量以及艾蒿的根系Cd含量均随土壤Cd含量的增加而增加。与艾蒿相比,牛膝菊具有更强的Cd转运和富集能力。在100 mg·kg⁻¹外源Cd添加的土壤中,牛膝菊的地上部和根系Cd含量分别为165.5 mg·kg⁻¹和147.5 mg·kg⁻¹。田间实验表明,每茬牛膝菊和艾蒿的鲜重分别为26.0 t·hm⁻²和32.0 t·hm⁻²,可分别带走Cd 3.29 g·hm⁻²和3.35 g·hm⁻²,均可用作当地土壤修复的备选植物。该结果可为相似环境下的土壤镉污染植物修复材料的选择提供参考。     

义乌市分质供水系统水质变化分析

为探究义乌市分质供水系统中水质及有机物的变化特征,分季度调研了3个水厂沿程水质的变化,并采用光谱技术与高分辨率质谱分析了处理工艺对溶解性有机质的去除效果。水质调研结果表明,传统工艺(混凝沉淀-砂滤)对总磷和氨氮的去除率分别达到80%与50%以上,但对水体中的总氮与总溶解性有机碳的去除效果差。双膜法(超滤-反渗透)全面优于传统工艺,可以将营养盐和有机物的浓度降至极低的水平(去除率>90%)。三维荧光结合平行因子分析结果表明,混凝沉淀仅对地表水中陆源腐殖质组分有明显的去除,对类蛋白质组分的去除效果较差。高分辨率质谱的检测结果表明,混凝对木质素、单宁及稠环芳烃等物质有较好的去除效果。在混凝前增设曝气生物滤池并在混凝过程中添加粉末活性炭,能强化工艺对类蛋白质组分和腐殖质组分的去除效果。本研究结果可为水处理工艺优化提供理论依据。     

The improved activity of Co3O4 nanorods using silver in the catalytic oxidation of toluene

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Co3O4 nanorods with diameters of ~0.15 μm and lengths of ~1 μm were prepared using a hydrothermal method via the assembly of microcrystals...     

Groundwater geochemical signatures and implication for sustainable development in a typical endorheic watershed on Tibetan plateau

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Groundwater resource is significantly important for sustainable development of the world, especially for arid endorheic watersheds. A total of 28...     

Review and prospects of mining chemical dust suppressant: classification and mechanisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Coal mine pollution is a serious threat to the mine safe production and occupational health of miners. Chemical dust suppression can effectively...     

Effects of green spaces on alleviating mortality attributable to PM2.5 in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Increasing research suggested that green spaces are associated with many health benefits, but evidence for the quantitative relationship between green...     

Applicability of hybrid bionic optimization models with kernel-based extreme learning machine algorithm for predicting daily reference evapotranspiration: a case study in arid and semiarid regions,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The accurate prediction of daily reference crop evapotranspiration (ETO) enables effective management decision-making for agricultural water...