Effect of the behavior and availability of heavy metals on the characteristics of the coastal soils developed from alluvial deposits

An investigation of the behavior and availability of heavy metals (HMs), i.e., Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cd, based on the analysis of correlation between HMs and physical and chemical properties of coastal soils developed from alluvial deposits in Shanghai, China, has been conducted, in order to reveal the effect of the soil formation and development and the unsuited human activities on the activities and mobility of HMs in agricultural soils. The results showed that (1) the soils still meet the needs of plant growth due to the moderate fertility with a soil texture of silty loam although the content of organic matters is lower, (2) total heavy metal content had a increase trend from the inland area to the coastal area, indicating the impact of alluvial deposits related to the soil formation on the distribution of HMs; (3) a significant positive correlation was found between HMs and some soil properties (i.e., clay content, cation exchange capacity, organic matters, total Phosphorous content, etc.), indicating that the regulation of these properties could give some great effect on the behavior and availability of HMs; (4) the positive correlation among Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd, and between Pb and Cr is very significant, suggesting the most similar, if not the same, origins of HMs; These findings are helpful to the soil remediation, fertility adjustment, and plant cultivation.     

Sorption of the antibiotic tetracycline to humic-mineral complexes

Humic substances, by altering the surface properties and/or competing for available reaction sites, can either suppress or promote sorption of organic compounds to mineral surfaces. Limited literature evidence points to the reduction in sorption of the antibiotic tetracycline to clay minerals in the presence of humic substances. We investigated the surface interaction of Elliott soil humic acid (ESHA) with hydrous Al oxide (HAO) and the effect of this association on tetracycline sorption. Strong interaction between ESHA and HAO led to ESHA-promoted dissolution of HAO and surface charge reversal. The ESHA-HAO sorption-desorption isotherms were successfully described using a modified Langmuir model that accounted for the heterogeneity of HAO surface and ESHA. Ligand exchange was proposed as the major interaction mechanism, and the edge Al atoms on HAO surface were considered as the sorption sites for ESHA macromolecules. ESHA was coated onto HAO to achieve two different organic content (foc) levels of 0.81 and 1.52%. Sorption results were compared for the binary ESHA-tetracycline and HAO-tetracycline systems, and the ternary ESHA-HAO-tetracycline system. The coating of ESHA on HAO significantly suppressed tetracycline sorption levels, attributable to altered HAO surface charge characteristics and/or direct competition between ESHA and tetracycline for potential sorption sites. Higher foc level, besides increasing the extent of sorption suppression, also resulted in greater ionic strength dependence and increased nonlinearity of sorption behavior. It, therefore, appears that the presence of humic substances, in both dissolved and mineral-bound forms, is likely to increase the environmental mobility of tetracycline compounds.     

城市排水系统在水污染防治中的作用

本文介绍了城市排水系统的组成、分类和功能,通过介绍目前国内外城市的排水体制,对比了合流制和分流制的优缺点,并重点对雨污分流排水系统存在的问题、改造措施以及雨污分流效益分析进行了详细的介绍,最后指出城市排水系统在水污染防治中的作用和发展前景。     

4种蔬菜对土壤Mn转运累积特征及食用安全性研究

为探究土壤中锰(Mn)污染对蔬菜食用安全性的影响,以上海市常见的4种蔬菜(青椒,CA;黄瓜,CS;豇豆,VU;菠菜,SO)为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了不同土壤Mn含量梯度下的蔬菜生物量变化以及各部位Mn转运累积特征,并基于各蔬菜食用安全分析了土壤中Mn的安全阈值。研究结果表明,Mn对4种蔬菜的生长均表现出低含量促进、高含量抑制现象,SO和VU对Mn的耐受度强于CA和CS。Mn主要富集在SO的茎叶,以及CA、CS和VU的茎叶和根部,可食部分中Mn含量大小排序为SO>VU>CS>CA。SO可食部分Mn含量与土壤Mn含量呈显著对数相关(P<0.01),其他3种蔬菜的可食部分Mn含量与土壤Mn含量均呈显著指数相关(P<0.01)。依据新鲜蔬菜中Mn食用安全限量值,推导出各蔬菜对应的土壤Mn安全阈值预测区间为:SO 992.5～1 097.3 mg·kg~(-1),VU 2 607.5～2 910.0 mg·kg~(-1),CS 3 147.5～3 494.6 mg·kg~(-1),CA3 618.0～3 921.5 mg·kg~(-1)。Mn污染土壤的安全利用应优先选择种植CA、CS和VU等低累积品种。     

地震灾害紧急救援队伍救援行动的规范

介绍了制定地震灾害紧急救援队伍行动规范的背景,阐述了地震灾害紧急救援队伍行动的阶段,给出了地震现场灾害紧急救援队伍行动规范的内容。该规范将有效地规范和协调地震灾害紧急救援队伍的救援行动,提高救援能力与效率,最大限度地减少人员伤亡。     

河南省冬小麦晚霜冻害风险区划

基于河南省冬小麦遥感种植面积数据、DEM数据和111个气象站1971-2010年逐日最低气温资料,采用基于GIS的逐日最低气温空间插值技术,根据冬小麦晚霜冻灾度指标及其等级划分标准,计算各空间单元轻霜冻、中霜冻和重霜冻日数,综合考虑霜冻害日数和冬小麦实际种植面积比例因素,构建冬小麦晚霜冻害风险评价指数,分析河南省冬小麦不同等级晚霜冻害日数及其风险的区域特征.结果表明:河南省冬小麦轻霜冻日数高值区主要分布在河南省北部、东部和西部丘陵山区,中霜冻和重霜冻高值区以分布在西部丘陵山区为主,霜冻日数最大值分别为67 d、48 d和120 d;轻霜冻风险较高的区域主要分布在河南省除郑州地区以外的驻马店和南阳盆地以北地区,中霜冻主要分布在东部和西部丘陵山区,重霜冻主要分布在河南省西部丘陵地区,风险指数最大值分别为28％、18％和17％.总体上看,河南省冬小麦晚霜冻害日数和风险空间分布特征明显;轻霜冻日数及其风险的覆盖面积最大,其次为中霜冻,重霜冻最小;河南省的东部、北部和西部丘陵山区为晚霜冻害的主要防御区域,各级霜冻之间以防御轻霜冻为主.     

孔结构和表面化学性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响

测定了室温下3种活性炭(GAC-C、GAC-P和GAC-T)对CO2、CH4和N2的吸附性能,并对颗粒活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质进行了表征,探讨了孔结构和表面化学性质对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明:由于吸附机理、孔结构、表面含氧官能团和分子极性的差异,CO2、CH4和N2在活性炭上的饱和吸附量和吸附常数的关系为CO2>CH4>N2;CH4和N2的饱和吸附量主要受活性炭微孔孔容的影响,N2和CO2饱和吸附量的差异分别是由0.572～2.0 nm的微孔和0.4～6 nm的孔引起的;CH4吸附常数主要受较大中孔和大孔影响,N2吸附常数与微孔密切相关,大孔对CO2的吸附常数影响最大。     

Effect of groundwater geochemistry on pentachlorophenol remediation by smectite-templated nanosized Pd0/Fe0

Zero-valent iron holds great promise in treating groundwater, and its reactivity and efficacy depend on many surrounding factors. In the present work, the effects of solution chemistry such as pH, humic acid (HA), and inorganic ions on pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination by smectite-templated Pd(0)/Fe(0) were systematically studied. Smectite-templated Pd(0)/Fe(0) was prepared by saturating the negatively charged sites of smectite clay with Fe(III) and a small amount of Pd(II), followed by borohydride reduction to convert Fe(III) and Pd(II) into zero-valent metal clusters. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water chemistry on PCP remediation. The PCP dechlorination rate critically depends on the reaction pH over the range 6.0~10.0; the rate constant (k (obs)) increases with decreasing the reaction pH value. Also, the PCP remediation is inhibited by HA, which can be attributed to the electron competition of HA with H(+). In addition, the reduction of PCP can be accelerated by various anions, following the order: Cl(-) > HCO (3) (-) > SO (4) (2-) ~no anion. In the case of cations, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) (10 mM) decrease the dechlorination rate to 0.7959 and 0.7798 from 1.315 h(-1), respectively. After introducing HA into the reaction systems with cations or/and anions, the dechlorination rates are similar to that containing HA alone. This study reveals that low pH and the presence of some anions such as Cl(-) facilitate the PCP dechlorination and induce the rapid consumption of nanosized zero-valent iron simultaneously. However, the dechlorination rate is no longer correlated to the inhibitory or accelerating effects by cations and anions in the presence of 10 mg/L HA.     

生活污水中糖类测试方法研究

分别用蒽酮比色、苯酚-硫酸及气相色谱法3种测试方法测试了上海市某生活小区生活污水的糖类组成.试验结果表明,蒽酮比色法测试糖类浓度的准确性与精确性优于苯酚-硫酸法,但不能得出污水中糖类的详细组成情况;与蒽酮比色法和苯酚-硫酸法相比,气相色谱法不仅能得出污水中糖类的详细组成,而且还具有较高的精密度.气相色谱法测得的生活污水中各种单糖,如木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、鼠李糖、核糖、岩藻糖的质量浓度分别为8.25、 6.02、5.52、4.80、4.44、4.41、2.66 mg/L.