基于VFSMOD模型的不同情景下河流生态缓冲带的截留效果模拟

采用植被缓冲带模型(VFSMOD)对不同情景下河流生态缓冲带(简称"缓冲带")的截留效果进行了模拟,考察了土壤可蚀性、土壤质地、坡度、径流源区长度、缓冲带宽度等对缓冲带拦截效果的影响。结果表明:随着土壤可蚀性因子(K因子)变大,土壤可蚀性增强,缓冲带泥沙输入量变大;坡度变大,拦截效率下降,在坡度分别为1%、3.5%、9%和30%的条件下,达到60%的径流截留效率(RIR),缓冲带的宽度分别需要43.9, 50.6, 52.9和68.8 m;当RIR达到60%,砂质黏壤土、粉质黏壤土、壤土和黏土所需缓冲带的宽度为109.2、114.6、50.6、128.7 m;径流源区长度越长,缓冲带拦截效率越低。上述模拟结果可为缓冲带的设计提供参考。     

Effects of substrate types on the transformation of heavy metal speciation and bioavailability in an anaerobic digestion system

Chemical speciation can fundamentally affect the potential toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals. The transformation of heavy metal speciation and change of bioavailability were investigated in an anaerobic digestion (AD) system using four different substrates (pig manure (PM), cattle manure (CAM), chicken manure (CHM) and rice straw (RS)). The results obtained indicated that the total contents of heavy metals in PM, CHM and CAM were higher than in RS and decreased in the order Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Cd in all substrates. Moreover, the speciation with the largest proportion for each heavy metal was the same both in the different substrates and the biogas residues. Among them, Zn, Ni, Cd and As were mainly in the reducible fraction (F2), while Cu was mainly in the oxidizable fraction (F3) and Pb occurred predominantly in the residual fraction (F4). Our results further indicated that the AD process had a greater effect on the speciation of heavy metals in CHM and PM, but less on CAM and RS. The rates of change in bioavailability followed the order PM > CHM > CAM > RS. Changes in organic matter, humic acid or local metal ion environment as a result of AD were inferred as likely mechanisms leading to the transformation of heavy metal speciation. These results enhanced our understanding of the behavior of heavy metals in AD and provided a new perspective for the treatment and disposal of the substrates.     

四川地区结瘤大豆根际土壤中紫云英、苜蓿和三叶草根瘤菌的多样性分析

为了解四川地区结瘤大豆根际土壤是否存在与紫云英、苜蓿和三叶草共生结瘤的根瘤菌及其多样性,从四川盆地采集不同种植模式下结瘤大豆根际土壤样品31份,利用紫云英、苜蓿和三叶草进行盆栽捕获试验以获得共生根瘤,从根瘤中分离纯化出根瘤菌,对其进行表型和分子鉴定;并将根瘤菌回接到紫云英、苜蓿、三叶草和大豆根际以检测根瘤菌的寄主范围.在捕获实验中,苜蓿和三叶草分别在6个土壤样品中共生结瘤,而紫云英只在2个土样中共生结瘤,并从共生根瘤中分离出14株根瘤菌;16S r DNA基因序列的相似性分析表明这14株根瘤菌均属于根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),且16S r DNA基因的系统发育树揭示它们分属于根瘤菌属的不同种;这14株根瘤菌在回接实验中都只能让捕获豆科植物结瘤,而不能让其他3种豆科植物结瘤.本研究结果表明,四川地区结瘤大豆根际土壤中的紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium astragali)、苜蓿根瘤菌(R.meliloti)和三叶草根瘤菌(R.leguminosarum var.trifolii)资源较少,其与大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)分属于不同的属,且根瘤菌的回接实验进一步证明了根瘤菌的寄主专一性.     

背角无齿蚌硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因的克隆及2,4-二氯苯酚、2,4,6-三氯苯酚和五氯苯酚对其表达的影响

硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(SeGPx)是一类广泛存在于生物体内的重要抗氧化酶,SeGPx可将有毒的过氧化物还原成无毒的羟基化合物,从而保护细胞膜结构及功能不受过氧化物干扰和损害.为了探讨2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯苯酚(PCP)对背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)的胁迫效应,本研究克隆出AwSeGPx全基因序列,分析2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP对AwSeGPx表达的影响.AwSeGPx的cDNA序列全长870 bp,开放阅读框为585 bp,编码195个氨基酸.推导的AwSeGPx蛋白序列包括GPx家族标签序列(68LGFPCNQF75)和活性位点序列(156WNFEKF161)、一个典型终止密码子(165TGA167)编码的硒代半胱氨酸(U44)、酶催化活性相关保守氨基酸位点:谷氨酰胺(Q74)、精氨酸(R94和R151)和色氨酸(W156).在相同浓度条件下,PCP对背角无齿蚌毒性效应大于2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP.与对照组相比,浓度60、120、240、480和960μg·L-1的2,4-DCP处理后肝胰腺AwSeGPxmRNA水平增加了1.79倍以上(P<0.05);浓度100、200、400和800μg·L-1的2,4,6-TCP处理后AwSeGPxmRNA水平增加了1.01倍以上(P<0.05);浓度20、40、80、160和320μg·L-1 PCP处理能够显著诱导AwSeGPx的表达.以上结果表明,2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP处理对背角无齿蚌肝胰腺中AwSeGPx表达具有明显的诱导作用,这种诱导效应与动物提高过氧化物的还原能力和增强环境的耐受能力密切相关.     

Formation of disinfection byproducts in typical Chinese drinking water

Eight typical drinking water supplies in China were selected in this study. Both source and tap water were used to investigate the occurrence of chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and seasonal variation in the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) of seven water sources was compared. The results showed that the pollution level for source water in China, as shown by DBP formation potential, was low. The most encountered DBPs were chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and chlorodibromoacetic acid. The concentration of every THMs and haloacetic acid (HAA) compound was under the limit of standards for drinking water quality. The highest total THMs concentrations were detected in spring.     

溶解有机质在土壤及沉积物吸附多环芳烃类有机污染物过程中的作用研究

研究了采自官厅水库及周围水域的 6种土壤及沉积物样品对多环芳烃类有机化合物———萘、菲、芘的吸附特性 ,应用1H NMR对这 6种土壤及沉积物样品中的溶解有机质的化学组成进行了的测定 ,发现溶解有机质中芳香族和非极性脂肪族化合物的含量与Freundlich吸附容量 (K′f)之间存在着密切关系 ,Freundlich吸附指数 (n)随着溶解有机质中极性基团的增多而降低 ,但是极性芳香族成分在吸附过程中主要充当有机溶剂相 .另外 ,吸附质的化学特性对吸附也有重要影响 ,logK′f 与logKow(Kow为辛醇 水分配系数 )之间存在着线性关系 .依据溶解腐殖质的两性特征及上述结论建立了一种快速吸附模型 ,但此模型还很难直接用于无极性有机污染物的吸附规律预测     

CaCl2浓度对土壤吸附西维因的影响研究

以北京交通大学校园草坪种植土为研究对象,研究了CaCl2浓度对西维因在土壤上吸附行为的影响,比较分析了不同CaCl2浓度下土壤对西维因的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线。实验结果表明,Elovich方程可以较好地拟合土壤对西维因的吸附动力学曲线。随着CaCl2浓度的增大,从快吸附到慢吸附过程所需要的吸附时间增加。西维因在土壤中的吸附等温线呈非线性特征,Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温式均能较好地拟合吸附等温线。随着离子强度的增大,土壤对西维因的吸附容量降低。西维因浓度较低时,吸附等温线的线性要优于高浓度时的吸附等温线,进一步证明西维因在土壤上的吸附遵从"两相"吸附模式。     

Livelihood vulnerability to climate change: a case of farm households in Northeast Vietnam

Environment, Development and Sustainability - This study investigates the livelihood vulnerability to climate change of farm households in Northeast Vietnam. Data for the study is based on a survey...