Mass Load-Based Pollution Management of the Han River and Its Tributaries, Korea

Spatio-temporal variations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total coliform (TC) in the Han River, Korea, were investigated in terms of concentration-based and mass loading-based approaches. Considering the river water quality criteria regulated by the Ministry of Environment in Korea, the tributaries linked to the mainstream of the Han River were found to be highly contaminated with respect to both BOD and TC and, in fact, most of the tributaries exceeded the maximum water quality criteria. To evaluate the pollution impact of tributaries on the mainstream, the monthly water quality monitoring data for six years (from 1995 to 2000) were collected from the Han River basin, and statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results revealed that mass loading-based approach was superior to the concentration-based approach for effective Han River watershed management. Overall results supported that the mass loading-based approach associated with total maximum daily loads (TMDL) management would be a useful and suitable protocol in watershed management for improving the water quality of the Han River and protecting public health. Therefore, this study supporting TMDL management can be applicable to a wide array of contaminants and watershed settings in Korea.     

Laboratory-scale column study for remediation of TCE-contaminated aquifers using three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate barriers

A laboratory-scale study with a sand column was designed to simulate trichloroethylene(TCE) pollution in the aquifer environment with three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate(CRP) barriers.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of CRP barriers in remediation of TCE in aquifers in a long-term and controlled manner.CRP particles with a 1:3 molar ratio of KMnO 4 to stearic acid showed the best controlled-release properties in pure water,and the theoretical release time was 138.5 days.The results of TCE removal in the test column indicated that complete removal efficiency of TCE in a sand column by three-section CRP barriers could be reached within 15 days.The molar ratio of KMnO 4 to TCE in the three-section CRP barriers was 16:1,which was much lower than 82:1 as required when KMnO 4 solution is used directly to achieve complete destruction of TCE.This result revealed that the efficiency of CRP for remediation of TCE was highly improved after encapsulation.     

Climate change impact assessment on Northeast China’s grain production

The international community is paying more attention to climate change because a consensus has been reached that climate change has an adverse effect not only on the environment but also on agriculture. Therefore, in this study, present and future climate datasets (obtained from general circulation models) including atmospheric carbon concentration were used to assess the impact of climate change on grain production for an important base of China (Northeast). An empirical model has been developed using climate and other additional variables (effective irrigation area, fertilizer, and labor force) to assess the effect of climate change on grain production. The results revealed that maximum temperature is a key climate determinant in grain production of the study area. Atmospheric carbon concentration showed a significant impact on grain outputs in most of the cases. During the analysis, it was observed that precipitation displayed a declining trend while an effective irrigation area showed positive non-significant contribution to grain production. Analysis based on different representative concentration pathways exhibited that maximum temperature may contribute negatively to grain production in the future. Overall, the analysis showed that climate change has a significant contribution to grain production. In conclusion, the implications for future research and policymakers have been addressed. Particularly, the importance of considering regional differences in adaptation planning in agricultural regions was also considered.

     

基于地理探测器的地表水质影响因素研究——以山西省吕梁市为例

水质变化的影响因素是地表水研究的重要内容.为揭示市域尺度规模的地表水质污染特点及其影响因素,本文以山西省吕梁市为例,通过断面水质评价法对研究区内24个监测断面的地表水质污染状况进行评价.在此基础上,利用地理探测器分析自然因素(包括年均气温、年均降水量、高程)与社会经济因素(包括土地利用类型、人口密度、人均GDP)对2020年吕梁市地表水质的影响与交互作用.结果表明：研究区域地表水质整体状况为轻度污染,部分断面存在中度污染,且在空间上分布不均匀,主要污染指标为■、NH₃-N和TP.地表水质是多种因素共同作用的结果,与自然因素相比,社会经济因素对地表水质的影响更加明显.人口密度、年平均降水量和土地利用类型是吕梁市地表水质的主要影响因素,各因素的影响程度在交互作用后均有所增强.人均GDP和高程在与其他因素交互后为非线性增强,可作为地表水质空间预测模型的辅助因素.     

Synergistic Effects of Combined Chlorine and Vitamin B1 on the Reduction of Murine Norovirus-1 on the Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Surface

This study investigated the synergistic effects of combined chlorine (200, 500, 700, and 1000 ppm) and vitamin B₁ (1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) on the murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1), a human norovirus (NoV) surrogate, on oyster surface. Vitamin B₁ slightly reduced MNV-1 (0.04–0.3 log-reduction), whereas chlorine significantly reduced MNV-1 (0.4–1.0 log-reduction). The combined chlorine and vitamin B₁ resulted in a 0.52–1.97 log-reduction of MNV-1. The synergistic reduction in the MNV titer was not dependent on the concentrations of chlorine and vitamin B₁, and it ranged between 0.08 and 1.03 log₁₀ PFU/mL. The largest synergistic reduction observed was for the combined 700 ppm chlorine and 1000 ppm vitamin B₁. The pH and mechanical texture of the oysters were not significantly changed by the combined 0–1000 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B₁. The overall sensory acceptability were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in oysters treated with 1000 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B₁ than in those treated with 0–700 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B₁. This study suggests that the combined 700 ppm chlorine and 3000 ppm vitamin B₁ could potentially be used to reduce NoV on oyster surface without causing concomitant changes in the mechanical texture, pH, or sensory qualities of the oysters.

     

生物质炭对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定作用机理

不同来源生物质炭表面和理化性质差别很大,对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定不同.以3种不同来源生物质炭（椰壳粉末、草木灰和聊城电厂灰）为研究对象,应用被动采样技术监测治理过程中污染物浓度的变化,揭示生物质炭理化性质及其与吸附固定效果之间的关系.结果表明:①3种生物质炭粒径相差不大,但椰克粉末的BET比表面积比草木灰和聊城电厂灰高2个数量级,孔隙结构发达.②吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的静态模拟试验结果显示,椰克粉末对3类有机物（多环芳烃、苯系物和酞酸酯）的吸附固定作用均很强,投加10个月,沉积物孔隙水中3类有机物的质量浓度降低92.7%以上,与其属于非极性吸附剂、BET比表面积大、孔隙结构发达有关;草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用较弱,分别为62.5%和59.6%,与其表面积小、孔隙结构不发达有关.③生物质炭吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的动力学研究结果显示,草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用能很快达到平衡,也与其BET比表面积小、孔隙结构不发达相关.研究显示,生物质炭的理化性质（如BET比表面积、孔隙结构等）是影响有机物污染沉积物治理效果的主要因素.      

The effect of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption

The effects of interaction between Bacillus subtilis DBM and soil minerals on Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption were investigated.After combination with DBM,the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of kaolinite and goethite improved compared with the application of the minerals independently.The modeling results of potentiometric titration data proved that the site concentrations of kaolinite and goethite increased by 80%and 30%,respectively after combination with DBM.However,the involvement of functional groups in the DBM/mineral combinations resulted in lower concentrations of observed sites than the theoretical values and led to the enhancement of desorption rates by NH_4NO_3 and EDTA-Na_2.The DBM-mineral complexes might also help to prevent heavy metals from entering DBM cells to improve the survivability of DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.During the combination process,the extracellular proteins of DBM provided more binding sites for the minerals to absorb Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ).In particular,an especially stable complexation site was formed between goethite and phosphodiester bonds from EPS to enhance the Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacity.So,we can conclude that the DBM–mineral complexes could improve the Cu(Ⅱ)and Pb(Ⅱ)adsorption capacities of minerals and protect DBM in heavy metal-contaminated environments.     

土地整治对土壤微生物多样性的影响分析

为了研究土地整治对土壤微生物的影响,通过田野调查和样品实验,对土地整治区内外土壤中的微生物多样性与种群结构进行了对比分析.结果表明:从微生物多样性来看,土地整治区内土壤细菌和真菌多样性显著提高;从微生物种群结构来看,土地整治区内细菌丰度较高的属有变形菌、绿弯菌、酸杆菌和放线菌,真菌丰度较高的属有被孢霉菌、青霉菌和曲霉菌;有机肥的使用显著提高了微生物多样性及鞘脂单胞菌和地杆菌等土壤有益菌的丰度;通过相关性分析可得,土壤理化性质和重金属污染水平是影响土壤微生物多样性与结构的重要因素.该研究证实了土地整治对提高土壤微生物多样性和改善土壤质量的重要作用,也为土地整治工作的开展提供了科学依据.     

沉积物提取液对萘在河流沉积物中吸附-解吸行为的影响

疏水性有机污染物在沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为直接决定其在水环境中迁移、转化、生物效应与归宿.以往采用背景电解质溶液作为解吸体系的方法,忽略了其与天然水体水化学条件的差异可能对污染物的解吸行为产生的影响,从而造成疏水性有机污染物在天然水体沉积物上的吸附-解吸性能评价方法存在较大偏差.本文通过选用沉积物浸出液代替背景电解质溶液的方式来保证吸附-解吸水化学条件的一致性,采用批量平衡的方法对分别采集于凉水河水系(标记为L)以及东江流域(标记为D)的两种河流沉积物样品,进行连续吸附-解吸实验,以考察多环芳烃萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸规律,从而阐明水化学条件的一致性对吸附-解吸过程的影响与重要性.实验结果表明,萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程呈现出明显的滞后现象.传统的以背景电解质溶液作为介质,研究疏水性有机污染物解吸行为的方法会导致解吸体系的TOC值比模拟天然水体体系减少74.68%～85.01%,这种吸附-解吸水化学条件的差异会增强污染物在沉积物上的滞后性,具体表现为萘在沉积物L和D浸出液中的平均解吸量相比其在背景电解质溶液中分别增加了3.14mg·kg-1和2.40mg·kg-1,平均解吸滞后系数由在背景电解质溶液中的0.04和0.135降低至沉积物浸出液中的0.012和0.072.此现象表明,与纯电解质溶液比较,采用从沉积物中提取的溶解有机碳作为解吸介质,会显著增加萘在沉积物中的平均解吸量,所获得的实验结果更加符合天然水体的实际条件.