主要污染物总量预算指标管理研究

主要污染物总量指标预算管理是政府或者环境保护行政部门在特定时期为满足经济社会发展需求以及实现总量控制目标,对总量指标进行量化的行为.结合濮阳市实施主要污染物总量指标预算管理办法后带来的总量减排成就得出以下结论:(1)主要污染物总量预算管理将资源由无形转化为可量化资源是环境保护思路的进步;(2)主要污染物总量预算管理确实为完成"十二五"时期濮阳市总量减排目标提供了保障;(3)通过主要污染物总量预算管理办法,濮阳市环境容量的利用效率和投资效益进一步提高.     

气升式循环反应器不同生物载体的试验探讨

在气升式循环反应器处理污水中，对炉渣、焦炭和塑料颗粒进行载体试验比较，认为炉渣和焦炭可作为所选择的生物膜载体。     

Heat-balling wasps by honeybees

Defensiveness of honeybee colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera (actively balling the wasps but reduction of foraging) against predatory wasps, Vespa velutina, and false wasps was assessed. There were significantly more worker bees in balls of the former than latter. Core temperatures in a ball around a live wasp of A. cerana were significantly higher than those of A. mellifera, and also significantly more when exposed to false wasps. Core temperatures of bee balls exposed to false wasps were significantly lower than those exposed to V. velutina for both A. cerana and for A. mellifera. The lethal thermal limits for V. velutina, A. cerana and A. mellifera were significantly different, so that both species of honeybees have a thermal safety factor in heat-killing such wasp predators. During wasps attacks at the hives measured at 3, 6 and 12 min, the numbers of Apis cerana cerana and Apis cerana indica bees continuing to forage were significantly reduced with increased wasp attack time. Tropical lowland A. c. indica reduced foraging rates significantly more than the highland A. c. cerana bees; but, there was no significant effect on foraging by A. mellifera. The latency to recovery of honeybee foraging was significantly greater the longer the duration of wasp attacks. The results show remarkable thermal fine-tuning in a co-evolving predator–prey relationship.     

The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS): A rapid and direct prenatal diagnostic technique for β-thalassaemia in Singapore

β-Thalassaemia major patients have chronic anaemia and since 3–4 per cent of Singaporeans carry the β-gene, prenatal diagnosis is essential. We evaluated the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique as a routine test for prenatal diagnosis of β-major. Six mutations along the β-gene were studied—41–42 (-TCTT), IVSII #654 (C-T), 17β (A-T), – 28 TATA (A-G), IVSI #5 (G-C), and IVSI #1 (G-T). Our results indicate that prenatal diagnosis using these mutations can be offered to 90 per cent (35/39) of our Chinese couples and 54·6 per cent (12/22) of our Malay couples at risk. Confirmation of ARMS results was carried out using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. Prenatal diagnosis using ARMS was successfully carried out in nine cases which included a set of triplets and twins. The triplets were diagnosed with the β-trait carrying the 41–42 mutation. The couple with twins possessed the #654 mutation and one twin was diagnosed with the β-trait and the other with #654 homozygosity. Genomic sequencing of the undefined mutations in the Chinese couples revealed rarer mutations at − 29 and an ATG-AGG base substitution at the initiation codon for translation. In the Malay couples, genomic sequencing detected mutations at codon 15 (TGG-TAG) and codon 26 (GAG-AAG). We conclude that ARMS with its direct detection of amplified products by gel electrophoresis provides an accurate, rapid, and simpler method for our β-thalassaemia prenatal diagnosis programme in Singapore.     

Degradation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water by ozone oxidation

The ozone oxidation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water was investigated. A stainless completely mixed reactor was employed to carry out the degradation experiments by means of a batch model. With an initial concentration of 11.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of BPA (bisphenol A) could be measured up to 70%, 82%, and 90% when the dosages of ozone were 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/L, respectively. The impacts on BPA degradation under the conditions of different ozone dosages, water background values, BPA initial concentrations, and ozone adding time were analyzed. The results showed that ozone dosage plays a dominant role during the process of BPA degradation, while the impact of the contact time could be ignored. UV wavelength scanning was used to confirm that the by-products were produced, which could be absorbed at UV254. The value of UV254 was observed to have changed during the ozonation process. Based on the change of UV254, it could be concluded that BPA is not completely degraded at low ozone dosage, while shorter adding time of total ozone dosage, high ozone dosage, and improvement of dissolved ozone concentration greatly contribute to the extent of BPA degradation. The effects of applied H₂O₂ dose in ozone oxidation of BPA were also examined in this study. The O₃-H₂O₂ processes proved to have similar effects on the degradation of BPA by ozone oxidation.     

稳定同位素在污染物溯源与示踪中的应用

由于稳定同位素在特定污染源中组成确定,且具有分析结果精确可靠、在污染物迁移与转化过程中不发生显著变化的特点,故已被广泛应用于环境污染事件的仲裁、环境污染物的来源分析与示踪研究中。介绍了稳定同位素分馏对于来源分析的影响以及稳定同位素技术在污染物溯源与示踪中识别大气多环芳烃来源、推测环境中硫和铅的来源、考察甲基叔丁基醚来源与降解过程等方面的应用进展。     

上海市某工业区大气颗粒物(PM10)中多环芳烃的来源和分布特征

利用大气采样器采集上海市某工业区焦化厂,电厂和氯碱厂的大气颗粒物(PM10),结果显示,工业区中低环化合物占优势;焦化厂、电厂和氯碱厂含量最高的化合物分别是萘、苊和菲;煤炭燃烧是该工业区焦化厂和电厂多环芳烃的主要来源,氯碱厂多环芳烃可能主要是来自于其上风向的焦化厂,二者可能有弱的相关性;苯并(a)芘含量处于中等污染水平.     

生态影响评价中生境评价方法

生态影响评价是环境影响评价的重要分支，生境评价方法是生态影响证件 主要方法。美国是较早开展生态影响评价的国家，发展了一批生境评价方法。本文系统介绍了美国两种最常用的生境评价方法－生境评价系统和生境评价程序，并简要对比介绍其它方法，为我国开展生态影响评价提供一定理论参考。     

开发小区地面水环境影响评价技术

开发小区的建设会给区域环境尤其是区域地面水环境带来与单项工程建设不同的更大影响。本文重点探讨了开发小区废水排放量和废水中污染物排放量的预测方法，并根据各开发小区废水去向的不同考查了其对受纳（水）体的影响。     

16.5米水面垃圾收集船设计

水面垃圾收集船在我国尚不多见，本文全面地介绍了华南地区第一艘１６．５米液压操纵水面垃圾收集船的概况、性能及主要特别，对开发我国水面垃圾收集船提供了宝贵的经验。