土壤中锗的形态提取和形态分布研究

本文对不同类型土壤中锗的存在形态、开态分布和有效锗进行了研究,选择了合适的提取剂,建立了土壤中锗的形态连续提取方法。探讨了影响土壤中锗形态分布的因素。锗在土壤中主要以残渣态、酸可提态和有机结合态形式存在,土壤有机质能富集锗,此外,还试验了土壤有效锗与盆栽玉米吸收锗的相关性。     

合成有机化学品的超临界水氧化

研究了超临界水氧化系统中合成有机化学品 ,如酚、间苯三酚、对叔丁基酚、间甲酚、3 ,5-二甲酚、苯胺、硝基苯、叔丁醇、三氯乙醛等的氧化作用。在实验条件下 ,上述化学品均能显著降解。酚和苯胺的去除随氧化剂过氧化氢加入量增加而增加。较优的K值 (实验中加入的H2 O2 量与按反应方程化学计量的量的比值 )对酚和苯胺分别为 1 .5和 1 .1。实验结果显示 ,当系统的压力为 3 0MPa ,温度为 4 50℃ ,停留时间为 1 90s,K =2 .0 (对酚 )和系统压力为 2 5MPa,温度为 50 0℃ ,停留时间为 3 0s,K =1 .2 (对苯胺 ) ,氧化效率都接近 1 0 0 %。含酚废水处理结果表明温度、压力、停留时间 3种因素中 ,温度是主要影响因素     

Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy for characterization of organic matter in membrane bioreactors: Principles,methods and applications

• Principles and methods for fluorescence EEM are systematically outlined. • Fluorophore peak/region/component and energy information can be extracted from EEM. • EEM can fingerprint the physical/chemical/biological properties of DOM in MBRs. • EEM is useful for tracking pollutant transformation and membrane retention/fouling. • Improvements are still needed to overcome limitations for further studies. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is a rising star for wastewater treatment. The pollutant elimination and membrane fouling performances of MBRs are essentially related to the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the system. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, a powerful tool for the rapid and sensitive characterization of DOM, has been extensively applied in MBR studies; however, only a limited portion of the EEM fingerprinting information was utilized. This paper revisits the principles and methods of fluorescence EEM, and reviews the recent progress in applying EEM to characterize DOM in MBR studies. We systematically introduced the information extracted from EEM by considering the fluorescence peak location/intensity, wavelength regional distribution, and spectral deconvolution (giving fluorescent component loadings/scores), and discussed how to use the information to interpret the chemical compositions, physiochemical properties, biological activities, membrane retention/fouling behaviors, and migration/transformation fates of DOM in MBR systems. In addition to conventional EEM indicators, novel fluorescent parameters are summarized for potential use, including quantum yield, Stokes shift, excited energy state, and fluorescence lifetime. The current limitations of EEM-based DOM characterization are also discussed, with possible measures proposed to improve applications in MBR monitoring.     

Polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of paclobutrazol in fruits

Abstract

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) widely used in fruit and vegetable cultivation. However, due to the severe toxicity of PBZ, a sub-ppm level maximum residue limit (MRL) was established worldwide. Therefore, it is significant to propose a rapid, sensitive and high throughput screening method for monitoring the PBZ residues in foods. In this study, a simple and sensitive indirect competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for PBZ detection in fruits basing polyclonal antibody. For both economy and pollution prevention, a microwave-solvent-free method was used to synthesize the PBZ hapten with high efficiency. The detection conditions, such as coating antigen concentration, antibody concentration, organic reagent concentration, ionic strength and pH, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed high sensitivity and specificity. The detection range is 1.27-138.23?ng/mL, half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) is 13.26?ng/mL, and the IC₂₀ was lower than the reported ELISAs for PBZ. Additionally, this method had high accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 88.78% to 96.80% in PBZ spiked apple samples with RSD below 4%. All the results showed that the polyclonal antibody based icELISA could be useful for PBZ screening in fruit samples.     

汶川县映秀镇红椿沟特大型泥石流形成机制及堵江机理研究

2010年8月14日,汶川县映秀镇红椿沟因连日强降雨,发生灾害性特大泥石流,完全中断都汶公路的交通,并冲入岷江形成堰塞体,致使河水改道,冲进映秀新区使数十幢房屋成为孤岛,严重危胁到灾后重建的胜利成果。研究红椿沟泥石流的基本特征、变形破坏机制、类型规模及防治对策,对防治高地震烈度泥石流灾害、确保灾后重建成果具有重要意义。以红椿沟特大型泥石流为例,在研究地质灾害形成的地质背景及条件、基本特征的基础上,分析了泥石流的形成机理及断路堵江的具体原因,预测了泥石流发展的趋势,对重要物源点进行了稳定性分析,提出了红椿沟泥石流的形成及堵江除丰富的震后松散物源、强降雨外,还与其独特的地形地貌密切相关。研究表明,红椿沟特大泥石流是从其上游甘溪铺支沟开始启动、汇集溃决,随后带动主沟物源冲入岷江,与岷江上游烧房沟泥石流冲入江中物质在江中汇集,形成堵江。红椿沟内物源丰富,必须加强防治,防止泥石流的再次危害。     

油田采出水回用技术研究进展

综述了离子交换技术、膜技术、冷冻技术和蒸馏技术等油田废水回用技术的研究进展,并对油田采出水回用技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

双频超声-臭氧氧化处理含对硝基苯胺和硝基苯的废水

分别采用单独臭氧氧化、单频超声协同臭氧氧化、双频超声协同臭氧氧化处理含对硝基苯胺和硝基苯的废水.实验结果表明,双频超声协同臭氧氧化处理废水的效果明显优于单频超声协同臭氧氧化和单独臭氧氧化.在废水初始 pH 为 11、臭氧流量为 30 mg/min、反应时间为 50 min、HT-50 型超声波发生器功率为 50 W、N...     

湿法烟气脱硫石膏制备硫酸铵

采用湿法烟气脱硫石膏为原料,与( NH4)2CO3反应,制备(NH4)2SO4.通过X射线衍射仪表征可知:脱硫石膏的主要成分为CaSO4,反应后CaSO4中的Ca2+大部分以CaCO3形式存在于固体沉淀物中,CaCO3粉末平均粒径为80 nm;而原先CaSO4中的不溶性SO2-4则与NH+4结合生成(NH4)2SO4,...     

改进分光光度法测Ni以规避大量干扰离子

为测定含大量干扰离子的水样中镍的浓度,提出一种改进的分光光度法。即以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出浓度的方法。新方法在不进行修正时,对含Cr6+干扰的水样Ni2+测定的结果,误差较小。多组分的水样测量吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降。方法中Ni2+、Fe3+的吸光度与显色时间基本无关;而对于Mn2+、Cu2+和Cr6+,显色时间应控制在0.5～2.5 min内或10 min外,以保证测得吸光度值的稳定与准确。对组成不同的含Mn2+和Fe3+水样测得的Ni2+浓度分析,变异系数(CV)4.74%,检出限为0.275 mg/L,精确度和精密度较好。同时,这种规避方法还具有其他作用,可以在分析组分的同时粗略算出含量。     

4株正十六烷降解菌的降解能力及代谢动力学特性

从处理采油废水的活性污泥中分离出4株产生物表面活性剂的正十六烷高效降解菌。菌株A14和B45为非脱羧勒克菌（Leclercia adecarboxylata）,菌株C28和A27为肠杆菌（Enterobacter sp.）。在NaCl质量浓度15~25 g/L、pH 6.0~7.0、接种量10%（φ）,培养温度37 ℃,摇床转速160 r/min、正十六烷体积分数0.30%的条件下降解16 d后,菌株A14、B45、C28和A27的正十六烷降解率分别为93.7%,87.8%,73.3%,65.7%。4株菌所产生的生物表面活性剂均为磷脂类表面活性剂。菌体生长满足逻辑斯蒂模型,正十六烷的降解满足一级反应动力学模型。菌株C28、A27的生长速率快于菌株A14、B45,菌株A14、B45的正十六烷降解速率快于菌株C28、A27。