Performance and mechanism for cadmium and lead adsorption from water and soil by corn straw biochar

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in water and soil could be adsorbed by biochar produced from corn straw. Biochar pyrolyzed under 400°C for 2 h could reach the ideal removal efficiencies (99.24%and 98.62% for Cd and Pb, respectively) from water with the biochar dosage of 20 g·L^–1 and initial concentration of 20 mg·L^–1. The pH value of 4–7 was the optimal range for adsorption reaction. The adsorption mechanism was discussed on the basis of a range of characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman analysis; it was concluded as surface complexation with active sorption sites (-OH, -COO-), coordination with π electrons (C = C, C = O) and precipitation with inorganic anions (OH^-, CO₃ ^2–, SO₄ ^2–) for both Cd and Pb. The sorption isotherms fit Langmuir model better than Freundlich model, and the saturated sorption capacities for Cd and Pb were 38.91 mg·g^-1 and 28.99 mg·g^–1, respectively. When mixed with soil, biochar could effectively increase alkalinity and reduce bioavailability of heavy metals. Thus, biochar derived from corn straw would be a green material for both removal of heavy metals and amelioration of soil.

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氯代多环芳烃的污染现状及毒性研究进展

氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,Cl-PAHs)是一种多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,具有与二噁英相似的毒性效应,并且在各种环境介质中广泛存在。Cl-PAHs已成为一种新型有机污染物,对生态环境和人体健康造成潜在的威胁。本文从Cl-PAHs的来源、污染现状、毒性效应与人体健康风险评价等几个方面对国内外有关Cl-PAHs的研究现状和最新进展进行了系统综述。     

中国失效镍钴资源再循环的战略研究

以全球战略资源的镍钴金属再循环作为研究重点,特别是在再生资源领域里的失效镍钴资源,它好比一座潜伏的城市矿山.从资源品位、技术路线、环境控制等多个角度对其进行分析研究后发现,从战略角度调整宏观政策,将失效镍钴资源作为一种战略储备资源,尽快推动国内外二次开采的科学发展和再循环步伐十分必要.     

Benzo[a]pyrene exposure influences the cardiac development and the expression of cardiovascular relative genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

It is reported that the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in weathered crude oils are cardiotoxic. However, the action mechanism of PAHs on vertebrate cardiovascular development and disease is unclear. In the present study, the cardiac morphology and functioning of zebrafish embryos exposed to benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P], as a high-ring PAHs, for 72 h were observed and determined. The results showed that B(a)P exposure resulted in cardiac developmental defects in zebrafish embryos. Significant changes in expression level of multiple genes potentially critical for regulating the B(a)P-induced cardiovascular developmental defects were also found. A gene network regulating cardiac development perturbed by B(a)P exposure was identified and established by computational analysis and employment of some databases. The information from the network could provide a clue for further mechanistic studies explaining molecular events regulating B(a)P-mediated cardiovascular defects and consequences.     

Short-term effect of aniline on soil microbial activity: a combined study by isothermal microcalorimetry, glucose analysis, and enzyme assay techniques

The accidents of aniline spill and explosion happened almost every year in China, whereas the toxic effect of aniline on soil microbial activity remained largely unexplored. In this study, isothermal microcalorimetric technique, glucose analysis, and soil enzyme assay techniques were employed to investigate the toxic effect of aniline on microbial activity in Chinese soil for the first time. Soil samples were treated with aniline from 0 to 2.5 mg/g soil to tie in with the fact of aniline spill. Results from microcalorimetric analysis showed that the introduction of aniline had a significant adverse effect on soil microbial activity at the exposure concentrations ≥0.4 mg/g soil (p?<?0.05) and ≥0.8 mg/g soil (p?<?0.01), and the activity was totally inhibited when the concentration increased to 2.5 mg/g soil. The glucose analysis indicated that aniline significantly decreased the soil microbial respiratory activity at the concentrations ≥0.8 mg/g soil (p?<?0.05) and ≥1.5 mg/g soil (p?<?0.01). Soil enzyme activities for β-glucosidase, urease, acid-phosphatase, and dehydrogenase revealed that aniline had a significant effect (p?<?0.05) on the nutrient cycling of C, N, and P as well as the oxidative capacity of soil microorganisms, respectively. All of these results showed an intensively toxic effect of aniline on soil microbial activity. The proposed methods can provide toxicological information of aniline to soil microbes from the metabolic and biochemical point of views which are consistent with and correlated to each other.     

Biotic and abiotic degradation of pesticide Dufulin in soils

Dufulin is a newly developed antiviral agent (or pesticide) that activates systemic acquired resistance of plants. This pesticide is widely used in China to prevent abroad viral diseases in rice, tobacco and vegetables. In this study, the potential impacts such as soil type, moisture, temperature, and other factors on Dufulin degradation in soil were investigated. Degradation of Dufulin followed the first-order kinetics. The half-life values varied from 2.27 to 150.68 days. The dissipation of Dufulin was greatly affected by soil types, with DT₅₀ (Degradation half time) varying between 17.59, 31.36, and 43.32 days for Eutric Gleysols, Cumulic Anthrosols, and Dystric Regosols, respectively. The elevated moisture accelerated the decay of Dufulin in soil. Degradation of Dufulin increased with temperature and its half-life values ranged from 16.66 to 42.79 days. Sterilization of soils and treatment with H₂O₂ resulted in a 6- and 8-fold decrease in degradation rates compared to the control, suggesting that Dufulin degradation was largely governed by microbial processes. Under different light spectra, the most effective degradation occurred with 100-W UV light (DT₅₀?=?2.27 days), followed by 15-W UV light (DT₅₀?=?8.32 days) and xenon light (DT₅₀?=?14.26 days). Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) revealed that 2-amino-4-methylbenzothiazole was one of the major decayed products of Dufulin in soils, suggesting that elimination of diethyl phosphate and 2-fluorobenzaldehyde was most like the degradation pathway of Dufulin in Eutric Gleysols.     

Phenanthrene exposure produces cardiac defects during embryo development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) through activation of MMP-9

Phenanthrene (Phe) is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment as a result of human activities. It is widely accepted that Phe has cardiotoxic effects. Even so, knowledge concerning the mechanism(s) of cardiac development toxicity is still limited. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to environmentally relevant concentrations of Phe and then investigated its cardiotoxic effects and the mechanism(s) involved. Some cardiac morphogenetic defects, which was characterized by an abnormally looped and enlarged heart, dilated and thinner ventricular wall, and increased interstitial fibrosis, were observed in the Phe treated groups. The mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), as well as the MMP-9 activity, were induced. Moreover, during co-treatment of the zebrafish embryos with MMP-9 inhibitor, the cardiac defects caused by Phe were attenuated. In addition, Phe exposure led to an up-regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which plays a crucial role in mediating cardiac fibrosis. Taken together, our data indicated that the exposure to Phe of zebrafish embryos disrupted normal cardiac development, and that the cardiac defects induced by Phe were mediated by the MMP-9, while TGF-β was also involved in these cardiac defects.     

硅烷化改性沸石对重金属离子的吸附性能

制得一种用于重金属废水处理的新型硅烷化改性沸石吸附剂,成本低、效果显著且稳定。通过对改性沸石表征,分析了改性对沸石结构的影响。结果表明,改性一定程度降低了原沸石的晶体特征,但基本上保持了其结构组成;硅烷化改性成功地在沸石上接枝了氨基。对硅烷化沸石的特性研究,得出硅烷化沸石对Ni2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+吸附最佳投加量为1、1、1.6和0.6 g/L,且此时对4种离子的去除率也较好;吸附动力学研究得出,其吸附过程可用二级动力学方程较好地拟合;吸附达到平衡时,4种金属离子的平衡吸附量分别为11.23、17.41、15.45和59.42 mg/g;硅烷化沸石对金属离子的吸附行为更符合Langmuir模型,为化学吸附;在酸性条件下(pH=2～6),硅烷化沸石仍保持一定的吸附能力,具有一定的耐酸性。     

膜生物反应器中EPS对污泥絮体形成的影响及其膜污染特性研究

为了给减缓膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染提供新思路,对MBR中EPS各组分对污泥聚集性能的影响及其膜污染特性进行研究。通过分析MBR中污泥的聚集性,发现原始污泥的聚集速率常数为0.0151,提取EPS后污泥的聚集速率常数为0.00181,由此可以看出EPS在污泥聚集的过程中起重要作用。为了进一步明确EPS各组分对MBR中污泥聚集性能的影响,利用扩展的DLVO理论研究MBR中EPS及其各组分对污泥聚集性能的影响,发现MBR中EPS里粘液的二级能量最小值大约为-0.94 KT,松散型EPS(LB-EPS)为-2.98 KT,紧密型EPS(TB-EPS)为-3.87 KT,说明TB-EPS在污泥聚集的过程中起重要作用。进一步通过三维荧光光谱及EPS浓度分析,发现EPS各组分浓度及结构的不同导致EPS各组分对污泥聚集性起不同的作用。通过吸附实验、原子力显微镜观察发现EPS各组分的膜污染速率为:上清液<粘液相似文献   

改性膨润土对水体中多环芳烃的吸附

改性膨润土被广泛地应用于吸附水体中重金属离子和有机污染物,但关于改性膨润土吸附水体中多环芳烃混合物的动力学研究鲜见报道。利用十二烷基三甲溴化铵和十二烷基磺酸钠对膨润土进行改性,并将之应用于吸附水体中萘、蒽、菲和芘4种多环芳烃,考察了吸附剂投加量、时间和温度等条件对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,在25℃、吸附时间40 min、起始浓度为1.25 mg/m L、改性膨润土的投加量为4 g/L的条件下,该吸附剂对萘、蒽、菲和芘的吸附率分别为99.1%、99.6%、98.7%和98.9%。改性膨润土对水体中4种多环芳烃的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,该吸附剂吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程。