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961.
Alvaro Maia da Costa Pedro V. M da Costa Okhiria D. Udebhulu Ricardo Cabral Azevedo Nelson F. F. Ebecken Antonio C. O. Miranda Srgio M. de Eston Giorgio de Tomi Julio R. Meneghini Kazuo Nishimoto Felipe Ruggiere Edgard Malta Mauro lis Rocha Fernandes Camila Brando Alexandre Breda 《Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology》2019,9(1):79-94
Salt caverns have been identified as one of the best options for the underground storage of gases due to salt rock's excellent sealing capabilities and interesting mechanical properties, such as self‐healing when damaged or cracked. It is feasible to build salt caverns in the Brazilian pre‐salt ultra‐deep water environment for gas storage. However, the peculiar geology of the Brazilian province considered here is characterized by the stratification of thick layers of halite with intercalations of carnallite and tachyhydrite salt rock, whose creep strain rate is almost two orders of magnitude higher than halite's creep strain rate under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Computational mechanics is being used for the design of offshore salt caverns opened by dissolution mining for the storage of natural gas. The challenge presented in this paper requires the storage of natural gas with high CO2 content offshore in ultra‐deep water (2140 m) in salt caverns. If the economics proves feasible, this offshore gas storage station will be the first of its kind in the world. A technical feasibility rock mechanics study of giant salt caverns, 450 m high by 150 m in diameter, has shown that one cavern can store 4 billion Sm3 or 7.2 million tons of CO2. The salt dome studied can accommodate the construction of 15 caverns, thus providing the confinement of approximately 108 million tons of gas. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
962.
Questions around how to conserve nature are increasingly leading to dissonance in conservation planning and action. While science can assist in unraveling the nature of conservation challenges, conservation responses rely heavily on normative positions and constructs to order actions, aid interpretations, and provide motivation. However, problems can arise when norms are mistaken for science or when they stymy scientific rigor. To highlight these potential pitfalls, we used the ethics-based tool of argument analysis to assess a controversial conservation intervention, the Pelorus Island Goat Control Program. The program proponents' argument for restorative justice was unsound because it relied on weak logical construction overly entrenched in normative assumptions. Overreliance on normative constructs, particularly the invocation of tragedy, creates a sense of urgency that can subvert scientific and ethical integrity, obscure values and assumptions, and increase the propensity for flawed logic. This example demonstrates how the same constructs that drive biodiversity conservation can also drive poor decision making, spur public backlash, and justify poor animal welfare outcomes. To provide clarity, a decision-making flowchart we devised demonstrates how values, norms, and ethics influence one another. We recommend practitioners follow 3 key points to improve decision making: be aware of values, as well as normative constructs and ethical theories that those values inform; be mindful of overreliance on either normative constructs or ethics when deciding action is justified; and be logically sound and transparent when building justifications. We also recommend 5 key attributes that practitioners should be attentive to when making conservation decisions: clarity, transparency, scientific integrity, adaptiveness, and compassion. Greater attention to the role of norms in decision making will improve conservation outcomes and garner greater public support for actions. 相似文献
963.
R. Hickisch T. Hodgetts P. J. Johnson C. Sillero-Zubiri K. Tockner D.W. Macdonald 《Conservation biology》2019,33(5):1151-1163
Conservation planners need reliable information on spatial patterns of biodiversity. However, existing data sets are skewed because some ecosystems, taxa, and locations are underrepresented. We determined how many articles have been published in recent decades on the biodiversity of different countries and their constituent provinces. We searched the Web of Science catalogues Science Citation Index (SCI) and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for biodiversity-related articles published from 1993 to 2016 that included country and province names. We combined data on research publication frequency with other provincial-scale factors hypothesized to affect the likelihood of research activity (i.e., economic development, human presence, infrastructure, and remoteness). Areas that appeared understudied relative to the biodiversity expected based on site climate likely have been inaccessible to researchers for reasons, notably armed conflict. Geographic publication bias is of most concern in the most remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South America. Our provincial-scale model may help compensate for publication biases in conservation planning by revealing the spatial extent of research needs and the low cost of redoing this analysis annually. 相似文献
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966.
S. E. DeYoung T. Wachtendorf R. A. Davidson K. Xu L. Nozick A. K. Farmer 《Environmental Hazards》2016,15(2):95-112
The present paper examines the role of several demographic indicators on stated hurricane evacuation thresholds, or the lowest category storm for which participants indicated they would evacuate, for mandatory and voluntary orders. Quantitative analyses reveal that race was significantly associated with a lower stated evacuation threshold in both the bivariate and multivariate models and that previous refusal to comply with evacuation orders was associated with higher stated evacuation thresholds. Qualitative analyses reveal two key findings: (1) wind is perceived as more dangerous than water (rain and storm surge) associated with hurricanes; (2) traffic concerns were the most frequently cited reason listed for possible refusal to comply with evacuation orders. Implications of the findings include the value of future evaluations of race and trust, storm characteristics and threat perception, and other practical considerations for improving evacuation compliance such as the amelioration of traffic concerns. Findings also lead to the discussion of the social complexities of race and hurricane vulnerability as a key finding. 相似文献
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969.
Venom-injecting structures have arisen independently in unrelated arthropods including scorpions, spiders, centipedes, larval owlflies and antlions, and Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, and bees). Most arthropods use venom primarily as an offensive weapon to subdue prey, and only secondarily in defense against enemies. Venom is injected by biting with fangs or stinging with a specialized hypodermic structure used exclusively for the delivery of venom (usually modified terminal abdominal segments). A true sting apparatus, previously known only in scorpions and aculeate wasps, is now known in a third group. We here report the first known case of a cerambycid beetle using its antennae to inject a secretion that causes cutaneous and subcutaneous inflammation in humans. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the terminal antennal segment of Onychocerus albitarsis (Pascoe) has two pores opening into channels leading to the tip through which the secretion is delivered. This is a novel case of convergent evolution: The delivery system is almost identical to that found in the stinger of a deadly buthid scorpion. 相似文献
970.
INTRODUCTION: Alcohol use, alcohol misuse, and risky driving from adolescence into young adulthood were compared by drinking onset age. METHODS: Surveys were administered in Grades 5/6, 6/7, 7/8, 10, 12, and at approximately age 23. Participants were placed into Drinking Onset groups based on self-reported alcohol use frequency on the adolescent surveys. Driving records were examined in three age periods: under 21, 21-25, and 26+. RESULTS: The earliest drinking initiators reported higher alcohol use and misuse on each survey, and were more likely to have risky driving offenses before age 21 and to have alcohol driving offenses in all three age periods. DISCUSSION: The earliest drinking initiators engaged in risky drinking behavior and risky driving behavior that was consistently higher than those with later drinking initiation, beginning in adolescence and persisting well into young adulthood. 相似文献