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111.
Robert G. Lewis Andrew E. Bond Donald E. Johnson J. P. Hsu 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1988,10(1):59-73
Air concentrations of 28 of the most commonly used household pesticides were measured inside nine homes in Jacksonville, Florida, and compared with corresponding outdoor levels. The households selected were sorted into three categories according to the degree of pesticide indoor usage. Personal air monitoring was also performed on one resident of each household by means of a portable sampler, which was kept with the person at all times. Five of the pesticides were found in the air inside of the majority of the homes at concentrations as high as 15 gm–3 (average concentrations, 12 ngm–3 to 2.4 gm–3). Indoor levels were generally one to two ordrrs of magnitude higher than surrounding outdoor air levels and personal air measurements were within ± 50% of corresponding indoor values. All samples were collected over 24-hr periods on polyurethane foam and analyzed by capillary colum gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and/or electron capture detection. 相似文献
112.
Brundtland GH 《环境》1994,36(10):16-20
Norway's Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland holds a medical degree from the University of Oslo and a Master's degree in Public Health from Harvard University. She served as Norway's Minister of the Environment during 1974-79, and was elected to the Norwegian parliament in 1977. Brundtland is currently chairperson of the World Commission on Environment and Development with ten years of experience as a physician and twenty years as a politician. An edited version of her keynote address to the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development is presented. The Minister's experience has taught her that improved life conditions, a greater range of choices, access to unbiased information, and true international solidarity are the signs of human progress. She stresses the need to empower people, educate them, care for their health, and provide them with equal opportunity to achieve economically. Available combined resources need to be used more efficiently through a reformed and better coordinated UN system, policies must be changed, the role and status of women strengthened, safe, comprehensive reproductive health services provided, and measures taken to achieve a balance between population size and sustainable development in keeping with available global resources. 相似文献
113.
K. G. Willis Malcolm Newson Sonja Boehmer‐Christiansen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1994,37(2):243-247
Cost Benefit Analysis of Environmental Change
Per‐Olov Johansson
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 232 pp., £13.95
Computerised Environmental Modelling: A Practical Introduction using Excel
J. Hardisty, D. M. Taylor & S. E. Metcalfe
Chichester, Wiley, 1993, 204 pp., £14.95
Keeping Pace with Science and Engineering: Case Studies in Environmental Regulation
Washington DC, US National Academy of Engineering, 1993
World Without End: Economics, Environment and Sustainable Development
D. W. Pearce & J. J. Warford
Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, 440 pp., £35.95 相似文献
114.
The authors used a global High Resolution Biosphere Model (HRBM), consisting of a biome model and a carbon cycle model, to estimate the changes of carbon storage in the major pools of the terrestrial biosphere from 18 000 BP to present. The climate change data to drive the biosphere for 18 000 BP were derived from an Atmospheric General Circulation Model. Using the AGCM anomalies interpolated to a 0.5 degrees grid, the HRBM data base of the present climate was recalculated for 18 000 BP. The most important processes which influenced the carbon storage include (1) climate-induced changes in biospheric processes and vegetation distribution, (2) the CO(2) fertilization effect, (3) the inundation of lowland areas resulting from the sea level rise of 100 m. Two scenarios were investigated. The first scenario, which ignored the CO(2) fertilization effect, led to total carbon losses from the terrestrial biosphere of -460 x 10(9) t. Scenario 2, which assumed that the model formulation of the CO(2) fertilization effect as used for preindustrial to present could be extrapolated to the glacial 200 microl litre(-1) (ppmv, parts per million per volume), gave a carbon fixation in the terrestrial biosphere of +213 x 10(9) t. The two scenarios were compared with CO(2) concentration data and isotopic ratios from air in ice cores. The results of Scenario 1 are not in agreement with the data. Scenario 2 gives realistic delta(13)C shifts in the atmosphere but the biospheric carbon storage at the end of the glacial period seems too large. The authors suggest that the low atmospheric CO(2) concentration may have favoured the C-4 plants in ice age vegetation types. As a consequence the influence of the low CO(2) concentration was eventually reduced and the glacial carbon storage in vegetation, litter, and soil was increased. 相似文献
115.
Mahaney WC Wilson E Boyer MG Hancock RG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1995,87(1):71-75
Recent lichen surveys in the foreland of The Syterb?cken glacier reveal that the crustose lichens, principally species of Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon, exhibit marginal bleaching, readily distinguishable from normal pigmented forms. The largest elliptical thallus of Rhizocarpon measured 290 mm maximum diameter on a bedrock outcrop beyond the margin of Little Ice Age moraines in the upper Syterb?cken Valley. Many small and large thalli of Rhizocarpon suffered damage to the periphery of individual thalli. We examine here some of the possible hypotheses explaining these occurrences. Among others, these are bedrock lithology, ice crystal blasting, long-term snowbank cover, ultraviolet exposure and acid rain. While at this time none of the possibilities can be ruled out entirely, acid rain would appear to be at least one of the factors involved. Acid rain, which is known to produce a soil pH as low as 3.3 in the field area, appears to provide a high input of H(+) ions that the lichen algal component cannot withstand. However, the lack of similar effects on associated foliose or fruticose forms raises the possibility that perhaps two or more factors specific to the environment of Rhizocarpon are operating. 相似文献
116.
Fractionation of Cu, Pb and Zn in certified reference soils SRM 2710 and SRM 2711 using the optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Sequential extraction of metals from solid media is a common analytical tool used in environmental and exploration geochemistry. A number of procedures exist, but without harmonization and standardization, meaningful comparisons are tenuous without baseline data. A newly developed, standardized sequential extraction procedure (optimized BCR) was applied to two contaminated certified reference soils from Montana, US (SRM 2710 and SRM 2711) for Cu, Pb and Zn. Four operationally defined fractions were isolated, acid extractable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual (by aqua regia). Fraction-specific concentrations, percentages and recoveries for Cu, Pb and Zn were used to explore differences between the optimized BCR procedure and three other sequential extraction schemes with published data for SRM 2710 and 2711 (i.e. Tessier scheme, Geological Survey of Canada scheme and the original BCR scheme). Results indicate significant differences between the four schemes, even for schemes that are closely associated (i.e. the original and optimized BCR schemes). Order-of-magnitude fraction-specific concentration differences were observed, especially for Pb in the reducible fraction. Differences between schemes are worrisome because trends varied between metals, between fractions and between reference soils. These data reinforce the need for increased adoption of standardized sequential extraction procedures and further examination of different solid media. 相似文献
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