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21.
Khan MU 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1987,47(3):187-194
A study of the effects of communal latrines on diarrhoeal incidence and parasite prevalence rates was conducted in 1983 at Tongi, which had five communal Oxfam latrines with a manual flushing system for 924 people; and at Kalsi, which had 39 open fit latrines for 823 people. Inhabitants' stool samples were tested initially and also after twelve months to see the reinfection rates. All inhabitants were dewormed with pyrantel, and were visited weekly to obtain diarrhoea histories. In both communities, there were high prevalence rates of roundworm, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambia and Strongyloides stercoralis. Following the dewormings, the prevalence rates of roundworm, hookworm and Trichuris infection came down significantly, in both areas. The prevalence or reinfection rates remained identical in both communities. There was also no difference in diarrhoea incidence rate for the two areas. It is found that keeping all other variables unchanged, use of communal latrines, without strict disposal of everyone's excreta, does not affect parasite prevalence and diarrhoea rates. People must be educated about the use of communal latrines and the safe disposal of all excreta, including that of children. 相似文献
22.
Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the remediation of metal contaminated soils 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mohammad Saghir Khan Almas Zaidi Parvaze Ahmad Wani Mohammad Oves 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(1):1-19
Pollution of the biosphere by the toxic metals is a global threat that has accelerated dramatically since the beginning of
industrial revolution. The primary source of this pollution includes the industrial operations such as mining, smelting, metal
forging, combustion of fossil fuels and sewage sludge application in agronomic practices. The metals released from these sources
accumulate in soil and in turn, adversely affect the microbial population density and physico-chemical properties of soils,
leading to the loss of soil fertility and yield of crops. The heavy metals in general cannot be biologically degraded to more
or less toxic products and hence, persist in the environment. Conventional methods used for metal detoxification produce large
quantities of toxic products and are cost-effective. The advent of bioremediation technology has provided an alternative to
conventional methods for remediating the metal-poisoned soils. In metal-contaminated soils, the natural role of metal-tolerant
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in maintaining soil fertility is more important than in conventional agriculture, where
greater use of agrochemicals minimize their significance. Besides their role in metal detoxification/removal, rhizobacteria
also promote the growth of plants by other mechanisms such as production of growth promoting substances and siderophores.
Phytoremediation is another emerging low-cost in situ technology employed to remove pollutants from the contaminated soils.
The efficiency of phytoremediation can be enhanced by the judicious and careful application of appropriate heavy-metal tolerant,
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria including symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organisms. This review presents the results of studies
on the recent developments in the utilization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for direct application in soils contaminated
with heavy metals under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions with a view to restore contaminated soils and consequently,
promote crop productivity in metal-polluted soils across the globe and their significance in phytoremediation. 相似文献
23.
Ozonation catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for degradation of DEHP in aqueous phase 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a recalcitrant and an endocrine disrupting chemical, was studied for its removal from wastewater by advanced oxidation process. The effects of pH, transition metal ions, and granular activated carbon (GAC) were investigated. Removal of DEHP increased with increase in pH and among metal ions Cr(III) was found to be the most active catalyst to remove DEHP. In the case of GAC, original carbon (G0) and GAC pre-ozonated in gas phase for 10 min (G10) were tested as catalysts in catalytic ozonation and found G0 to be more active than G10. This is because, during pre-ozonation, basic groups like chromene, pyrones and also graphene layers were oxidized to acidic surface oxygen groups. These basic surface groups are reported to be active catalytic centres for ozone decomposition into .OH which is a strong oxidant. According to kinetic manipulations, DEHP degradation rate constant due to .OH was affected by the catalyst while that due to direct ozonation is same in all cases with or without catalyst. G0 was doped with chromia gels (G0/CrA) to combine the benefits of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. G0/CrA showed lower catalytic efficiency than that of only G0. This might be because of changes in surface structure of GAC caused by doping of chromia gel and changes in chemical nature of Cr(III) during formation of gel. A good correlation was found between the rate constants of ozone decay and DEHP degradation (R2=0.96). This correlation confirms that ozone decomposition into .OH is a critical factor for the activity of a catalyst during ozonation. 相似文献
24.
25.
The purpose of this review is to describe the various aspects of pressure-sensitive adhesives prepared from natural rubber.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) adhere instantaneously to a variety of surfaces upon application of slight pressure and
can be obtained using different technologies. PSAs are materials that develop tack for low pressures and short contact times.
There are number of factors affecting the adhesion property of natural rubber based pressure-sensitive adhesives. In this
review, factors affecting adhesion property such as tack, peel and shear are examined in light of their relevance to adhesion
in addition to measurement methods of each of the three major adhesion properties. This review paper covers the work being
carried out from the last 20 years in the field of natural rubber based pressure sensitive adhesives. 相似文献
26.
Siddiq Akbar Fariha Hasan Akhtar Nadhman Samiullah Khan Aamer Ali Shah 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(4):1109-1116
A poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) degrading bacterial strain designated as AF-111 was isolated from sewage sludge sample. The bacterium was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results revealed that strain AF-111 showed 99 % similarity with Streptomyces althioticus strain NRRL B-3981 and designated as Streptomyces sp. strain AF-111. An extracellular PHBV depolymerase enzyme was produced under optimized conditions and purified through ammonium sulphate fractionation and column chromatography. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity, indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular weight was found to be approximately 51 kDa. Effect of temperature, pH, metal ions and inhibitors on the PHBV depolymerase activity was determined. The enzyme was stable at wide range of temperature (35–55 °C) and pH (6–8). PHBV depolymerase was stable in the presence of different metal ions except iron and zinc which had inhibitory effect on depolymerase activity. Both ethylenediamine teteracetic acid and phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride strongly inhibited enzyme activity which indicates that this enzyme belongs to the serine hydrolase family like other polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerases. The results show that a depolymerase from strain AF-111 can effectively degrade PHBV, therefore, it can be applied in the process of biochemical monomer recycling. 相似文献
27.
Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan Kihachi Ueno Sakae Horimoto Fuminori Komai Takashi Someya Koichi Inoue Kinji Tanaka Yoshitaka Ono 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(12):2969-2975
The composting process of different organic wastes both in laboratory and on a large-scale was characterized using CIELAB color variables to evaluate compost stability for the better application in agriculture. The time courses of the CIELAB variables of composting materials were determined directly from the bottom of a glass petri dish filled with dried and ground samples using a Minolta Color Reader (CR-13) calibrated with clean empty petri dishes placed on a white tile. To compare the proposed method with conventional methods, the same materials were also evaluated using commonly used compost stability evaluation indices. Most of the CIELAB variables of a compost made from a mixture of green tea waste and rice bran reached a plateau after 84 days of composting and showed strong relationships with the commonly used compost stability evaluation indices. The time needed for CIELAB variables, especially the L*and b* values, to stabilize at large-scale composting plants of cattle litter, farmyard manure, kitchen garbage and bark compost, were more or less similar to the times of maturation evaluated by the respective compost producers. The CIELAB color variable offers a new, simple, rapid and inexpensive means of evaluating compost stability and its quality prior to agricultural use. 相似文献
28.
In this paper, we investigate how mountain communities perceive and adapt to climatic and environmental change. Primary data were collected at community and household level through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and quantitative questionnaires covering 210 households in six villages of the West Karakoram (Hundur and Darkut in the Yasin Valley; Hussainabad, Altit, Gulmit, and Shiskat in the Hunza valley of Gilgit-Baltistan). The relevance of the area with respect to our scopes is manifold. First, this is one of the most extreme and remote mountainous areas of the world, characterized by complex and fragile institutional and social fabrics. Second, this region is one of the focal points of research for the hydro-meteo-climatological scientific community, because of its relevance in terms of storage and variability of water resources for the whole Indus basin, and for the presence of conflicting signals of climate change with respect to the neighboring regions. Third, the extreme hardships due to a changing environment, as well as to the volatility of the social and economic conditions are putting great stress on the local population. As isolating climate change as a single driver is often not possible, community perceptions of change are analyzed in the livelihood context and confronted with multi-drivers scenarios affecting the lives of mountain people. We compare the collected perceptions with the available hydro-climatological data, trying to answer some key questions such as: how are communities perceiving, coping with, and adapting to climatic and environmental change? Which are the most resorted adaptation strategies? How is their perception of change influencing the decision to undertake certain adaptive measures? 相似文献
29.
Ahmad Tasneem Nazar Sonaina Ahmad Kafeel Khan Zafar Iqbal Bashir Humayun Ashfaq Asma Munir Mudasra Munir Zunaira Hussain Khadim Alkahtani Jawaher Elshikh Mohamed Soliman Nadeem Muhammad Malik Ifra Saleem 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(23):29110-29116
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The instant endeavor was undertaken to monitor copper (Cu) contents in water, soil, forage, and cow’s blood impacted by heavy automobiles in... 相似文献
30.
Teng Jian-Zhou Khan Muhammad Kamran Khan Muhammad Imran Chishti Muhammad Zubair Khan Muhammad Owais 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(5):5271-5282
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study utilized the Pooled Mean Group estimator to investigate the effect of renewable energy consumption, electricity consumption, economic... 相似文献