大气二氧化硫浓度的光学测定方法

介绍了测定二氧化硫浓度的几种光学方法 ,指出了目前一些化学方法的局限性 ,特别对紫外荧光法的原理、二氧化硫的吸收光谱以及荧光光谱进行分析探讨 ,设计了实验分析系统 ,得出该方法具有操作简单、灵敏度高、可实时在线的智能化优点 ,将会成为今后研究的主导方向。     

侧向辐射注浆技术引起地表隆起变形分析

侧向辐射注浆技术是用于处治现役高速公路沉降变形的新技术,可在通车条件下对高速公路进行加固。在通车条件下对高速公路进行加固需要对施工效应进行分析,确保施工过程中高速公路通车安全。根据土体中的球孔扩张理论,将侧向辐射注浆假设为半无限体多球孔扩张模型,将几何条件复杂的侧向辐射注浆简化为多球孔几何模型,并引入有限边界球孔扩张理论,建立注浆压力和扩孔半径的关系,得到了土体注浆过程存在极限注浆压力,在极限注浆压力后存在软化效应的结果;确定注浆球孔扩张压力和隆起变形的关系,最终给出了同时考虑注浆压力和注浆量两个注浆施工控制指标的地表隆起位移计算方法。结合工程实测参数,计算并对比分析了不同注浆压力、不同注浆步距对地表隆起位移的影响,给出了侧向辐射注浆施工隆起位移的计算方法,能够对注浆设计和施工提供指导作用。     

基于k/v比值的库岸涉水滑坡分类

滑坡的分类是一切滑坡研究与治理的基础和前提.在总结分析一般滑坡的分类方法基础上,针对库岸涉水滑坡水动力条件复杂多变的特殊性,选择渗透系数k和库水位升降速率v这两个具有对立统一关系的决定性参数作为分类因子,提出了基于k/v比值的库岸涉水滑坡分类方法,并阐述了其合理性及理论意义.该分类方法将库岸涉水滑坡分为k/v＞1型和k/v＜1型两个类别,是一种动态的分类.该方法的提出突破了对滑坡分类的常规思维,有助于解决系统动力学在滑坡稳定性分析和预测中所面临的困境,适应滑坡稳定性研究的发展趋势,具有一定的可借鉴性和指导意义.     

Dynamic Changes of Sandy Land in Northwest of Beijing, China

The area northwest of Beijing is one of the most important regions where many organizations invest and pay most attention. The environmental problems in this region affect not only Beijing but also the surrounding area. Based on observation of the characteristics of the change in sandy land, this study classified four types of dynamic change of sandy land, including extended sandy land, the reversely changed sandy land, the potential sandy land and no change in sandy land. Then the process and the trend of changes in sandy land and their environmental impact on the area northwest of Beijing were analyzed. The results show that the area of sandy land has increased in this region in the period of 1991 to 2002. Change between sandy land and grassland was the dominant change. It is found that the monitoring zones of Hunshandake sandy land and north of Yin Shan are regions with high ratio of extended sandy land, and are connected with widespread potential change of sandy land. This implies that these two regions have a high probability of increase in sandy land in the future. On the other hand, in the monitoring zone of Horqin sandy land and Ba Shang Plateau and its surrounding area, desertification had been controlled and the area of sandy land is expected to decrease. This indicates that the direction of the sandstorm to Beijing is expected to gradually move to the northwest. Furthermore, the decreases in sandy land and the reversing change from arable land to grassland and forests in the study region will affect the land quality and atmosphere. And the logistic multiple regression (LMR) model was employed to better understand the complexity and processes of increases in sandy land. This model predicts that there is a high probability of increases in sandy land in north of Siziwang Banner, Zhengxiangbai Banner and Zhenglan Banner. Finally, suggestions to the ecological construction of the study area have been proposed.     

Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China: implications from multivariate statistical analyses

Water quality information of Beijiang River, a tributary of Pearl River in Guangdong, China, was analyzed to provide an overview of the hydrochemical functioning of a major agricultural/rural area and an industrial/urban area. Eighteen water quality parameters were surveyed at 13 sites from 2005 to 2006 on a monthly basis. A bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate the regional correlations of the water quality parameters, while the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to extract the most influential variables for regional variations of river water quality. Six principal components were extracted in PCA which explained more than 78% and 84% of the total variance for agricultural/rural and industrial/urban areas, respectively. Physicochemical factor, organic pollution, sewage pollution, geogenic factor, agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and accumulated pesticide usage were identified as potential pollution sources for agricultural/rural area, whereas industrial wastewaters pollution, mineral pollution, geogenic factor, urban sewage pollution, chemical industrial pollution, and water traffic pollution were the latent pollution sources for industrial/urban area. A multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) technique was used to estimate contributions of all identified pollution sources to each water quality parameter. High coefficients of determination of the regression equations suggested that the MLR-APCS model was applicable for estimation of sources of most water quality parameters in the Beijiang River Basin.     

废水产氢产酸／同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化

为了更好地发挥产氢产酸／同型产乙酸耦合系统在废水厌氧发酵生产乙酸方面的优势,有必要寻找一种简单有效的方法以获得该系统产酸的优化条件。利用经过加热处理并活化的厌氧污泥作种泥,以模拟废水中的葡萄糖为底物,针对发酵时间、底物浓度、种泥浓度、初始pH进行4因素10水平均匀设计实验,得到了乙酸生产指标与产酸条件之间关系的回归方程;也得到了以高乙酸产量为主要目标导向同时兼顾高乙酸产率和高乙酸生产强度目标的优化条件;优化条件实验乙酸浓度比均匀设计中最高乙酸浓度提高20％左右。研究表明,将均匀设计应用于废水产氢产酸／同型产乙酸耦合产酸条件优化,可以避免盲目性,迅速获得满意结果。     

Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation

This study focuses on the effects of pH and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al (R_F:Al) on the removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at R_F:Al ≥ 3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high R_F:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered R_F:Al (i.e., ≤ 6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at pH 7 and 8 and that of phosphate at pH 6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated R_F:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al–F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)₃ precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)_nF_m. Al–F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower pH. Al–F complexes at high R_F:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low R_F:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd^2 + and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent, i.e., aluminum (Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at R_F:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.     

Trace elements and rare earth elements in wet deposition of Lijiang, Mt. Yulong region, southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

In order to investigate the compositions and wet deposition fluxes of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) in the precipitation of the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, 38 precipitation samples were collected from March to August in 2012 in an urban site of Lijiang city in the Mt. Yulong region. The concentrations of most trace elements and REEs were higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, indicating that the lower concentrations of trace elements and REEs observed during monsoon had been influenced by the dilution effect of increased precipitation. The concentrations of trace elements in the precipitation of Lijiang city were slightly higher than those observed in remote sites of the Tibetan Plateau but much lower than those observed in the metropolises of China, indicating that the atmospheric environment of Lijiang city was less influenced by anthropogenic emissions, and, as a consequence, the air quality was still relatively good. However, the results of enrichment factor and principal component analysis revealed that some anthropogenic activities (e.g., the increasing traffic emissions from the rapid development of tourism) were most likely important contributors to trace elements, while the regional/local crustal sources rather than anthropogenic activities were the predominant contributors to the REEs in the wet deposition of Lijiang city. Our study was relevant not only for assessing the current status of the atmospheric environment in the Mt. Yulong region, but also for specific management actions to be implemented for the control of atmospheric inputs and the health of the environment for the future.     

紫外消解流动注射分光光度法测定地表水中总氮的实验研究

应用荷兰Skalar公司的SAN”连续流动注射分析仪测定地表水中的总氮,建立测定地表水中总氮的流动注射分析法.结果显示该方法分析速度快,分析速率可达32个/小时,仪器测定浓度与峰高响应值相关性很高,相关系数为0.9996,线性范围0.0 mg/L ～5.00 mg/L,方法检出限为0.03 mg/L,精密度RSD小于4％,均满足国家实验质量标准要求.紫外消解流动注射分光光度法测定地表水总氮具有分析速度快、准确度高、干扰少,适合大批量的地表水分析.     

国内外石油化工企业HSE管理进展

介绍了国内外大型石油石化企业HSE管理的研究进展,指出国内企业HSE管理不足之处和发展方向。