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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 125 毫秒
111.
Heidi S. Brothers 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):468-480
ABSTRACT An alternate compliance strategy (ACS) is developed which incorporates pollution prevention and flexibility to replace traditional end-of-pipe (EOP) control strategy regulation. The ACS takes into consideration the intent of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) to incorporate pollution prevention into regulations and provides a viable mechanism for implementation. This proposed new compliance strategy was developed after studying the CAAA regulations, related compliance issues, and pollution prevention literature. The ACS is defined by amending language in the Hazardous Organic National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HON) regulation into a performance-based standard permitting regulated facilities to design compliance programs to meet all requirements. A change in regulation is considered reasonable only if it forces the same emission reductions, reduces risk a comparable amount, and is acceptable to the public, the regulators, and the regulated industry. In order to demonstrate that the ACS can meet all these requirements, an example application is summarized from an ethylene oxide-ethylene glycol plant. The example demonstrates that the ACS reduces hazardous air pollution (HAP) emissions more than the HON rule requires. Three evaluation methods are developed and applied to further demonstrate the acceptability of the ACS. They include a qualitative evaluation matrix, a total cost assessment, and a risk reduction measurement model. Results indicate that the ACS provided a preferable compliance program. The ACS should be adopted as an alternative method of compliance. It provides a major step in the progression of regulations from the traditional EOP treatment philosophy to pollution prevention performance-based standards. 相似文献
112.
Lipid composition and partitioning of deepwater chondrichthyans: inferences of feeding ecology and distribution 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The composition of lipids and fatty acids was determined for the livers, muscle, pancreas, kidney and stomach fluids of deepwater
chondrichthyan species (including 11 squaliformes, 3 chimaeriformes, 1 hexanchiforme and 3 carcharhiniformes) caught as bycatch
from continental waters off south-eastern Australia. The lipid class, fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition differed markedly
in each tissue and in each species. The lipid and fatty acid composition of large, lipid-rich (38–70% wet weight, ww) livers
demonstrated the multifunctional role of this organ in: lipid distribution, storage and biosynthesis, and buoyancy regulation.
In the liver, the importance of certain lipids (including squalene, diacylglyceryl ethers, triacylglycerols and to a lesser
extent wax esters) as mediators of buoyancy varied according to lifestyle and habitat. Less variability was observed in the
muscle profiles, characterized by low lipid content (<1.0% ww) and high relative levels of polar lipids (>70%). The lipid
and fatty acid profiles of the kidney and pancreas showed the highest intraspecific variability, suggesting these organs also
have complex roles in lipid storage and metabolism. Overall intra- and interspecific differences in the tissue fatty acid
profiles could be related to differences in a number of factors including phylogeny, habitat (depth), buoyancy regulation
and diet and presumably also reflect different ecological roles. The lipid and fatty acid profiles are the first published
for Rhinochimaera pacifica, Chimaera lignaria and Figaro boardmani and the first to demonstrate interspecific variation in lipid profiles of various tissues of deepwater chondrichthyans. The
application of multivariate analysis to lipid class and fatty acid tissue profiles in chondrichthyans inferred dietary differences
and metabolic preferences between species and habitats. These results have important implications for the future use of fatty
acids as dietary tracers in chondrichthyan research. 相似文献
113.
Per Angelstam Jean-Michel Roberge Robert Axelsson Marine Elbakidze Karl-Olof Bergman Anders Dahlberg Erik Degerman Sönke Eggers Per-Anders Esseen Joakim Hjältén Therese Johansson Jörg Müller Heidi Paltto Tord Snäll Ihor Soloviy Johan Törnblom 《Ambio》2013,42(2):229-240
Assessing ecological sustainability involves monitoring of indicators and comparison of their states with performance targets that are deemed sustainable. First, a normative model was developed centered on evidence-based knowledge about (a) forest composition, structure, and function at multiple scales, and (b) performance targets derived by quantifying the habitat amount in naturally dynamic forests, and as required for presence of populations of specialized focal species. Second, we compared the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standards’ ecological indicators from 1998 and 2010 in Sweden to the normative model using a Specific, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic, and Timebound (SMART) indicator approach. Indicator variables and targets for riparian and aquatic ecosystems were clearly under-represented compared to terrestrial ones. FSC’s ecological indicators expanded over time from composition and structure towards function, and from finer to coarser spatial scales. However, SMART indicators were few. Moreover, they poorly reflected quantitative evidence-based knowledge, a consequence of the fact that forest certification mirrors the outcome of a complex social negotiation process. 相似文献
114.
Military training activities disturb ground and vegetation cover of landscapes and increases potential soil erosion. To monitor the dynamics of soil erosion, there is an important need for an optimal sampling design in which determining the optimal spatial resolutions in terms of size of sample plots used for the collection of ground data and the size of pixels for mapping. Given a sample size, an optimal spatial resolution should be cost-efficient in both sampling costs and map accuracy. This study presents a spatial variability-based method for that purpose and compared it with the traditional methods in a study area in which a soil erosion cover factor was sampled and mapped with multiple plot sizes and multi-sensor images. The results showed that the optimal spatial resolutions obtained using the spatial variability-based method were 12 and 20m for years 1999 and 2000, respectively, and were consistent with those using the traditional methods. Moreover, the most appropriate spatial resolutions using the high-resolution images were also consistent with those using ground sample data, which provides a potential to use the high-resolution images instead of ground data to determine the optimal spatial resolutions before sampling. The most appropriate spatial resolutions above were then verified in terms of cost-efficiency which was defined as the product of sampling cost and map error using ordinary kriging without images and sequential Gaussian co-simulation with images to generate maps. 相似文献
115.
Ben L. O’Connor Yuki Hamada Esther E. Bowen Mark A. Grippo Heidi M. Hartmann Terri L. Patton Robert A. Van Lonkhuyzen Adrianne E. Carr 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(11):7075-7095
Large areas of public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management and located in arid regions of the southwestern United States are being considered for the development of utility-scale solar energy facilities. Land-disturbing activities in these desert, alluvium-filled valleys have the potential to adversely affect the hydrologic and ecologic functions of ephemeral streams. Regulation and management of ephemeral streams typically falls under a spectrum of federal, state, and local programs, but scientifically based guidelines for protecting ephemeral streams with respect to land-development activities are largely nonexistent. This study developed an assessment approach for quantifying the sensitivity to land disturbance of ephemeral stream reaches located in proposed solar energy zones (SEZs). The ephemeral stream assessment approach used publicly-available geospatial data on hydrology, topography, surficial geology, and soil characteristics, as well as high-resolution aerial imagery. These datasets were used to inform a professional judgment-based score index of potential land disturbance impacts on selected critical functions of ephemeral streams, including flow and sediment conveyance, ecological habitat value, and groundwater recharge. The total sensitivity scores (sum of scores for the critical stream functions of flow and sediment conveyance, ecological habitats, and groundwater recharge) were used to identify highly sensitive stream reaches to inform decisions on developable areas in SEZs. Total sensitivity scores typically reflected the scores of the individual stream functions; some exceptions pertain to groundwater recharge and ecological habitats. The primary limitations of this assessment approach were the lack of high-resolution identification of ephemeral stream channels in the existing National Hydrography Dataset, and the lack of mechanistic processes describing potential impacts on ephemeral stream functions at the watershed scale. The primary strength of this assessment approach is that it allows watershed-scale planning for low-impact development in arid ecosystems; the qualitative scoring of potential impacts can also be adjusted to accommodate new geospatial data, and to allow for expert and stakeholder input into decisions regarding the identification and potential avoidance of highly sensitive stream reaches. 相似文献
116.
Guangxing Wang George Gertner Alan Anderson Heidi Howard 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):810-823
The land management of US Army installations requires information on land conditions and their history for planning future
military training activities and allocation of land repair. There is thus a strong need for methodology development to estimate
the land conditions and cumulative military training impacts for the purpose of repair and restoration. In this study, we
simulated at Fort Riley, USA, spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of military training impacts on land conditions quantified
as percent ground cover using an image-aided spatial conditional co-simulation algorithm. Moreover, we estimated the historical
percent ground cover as a measure of the cumulative impacts, and then calculated the allocation of land repair and restoration
based on both current and historical land conditions. In addition, we developed a loss function method for allocation of land
repair and restoration. The results showed: (1) this co-simulation algorithm reproduced spatial and temporal variability of
percent ground cover and provided estimates of uncertainties with the correlation coefficients and root mean square errors
between the simulated and observed values varying from 0.63 to 0.88 and from 23% to 78%, respectively; (2) with and without
the cumulative impacts, the obtained spatial patterns of the land repair categories were similar, but their land areas differed
by 5% to 40% in some years; (3) the combination of the loss function with the co-simulation made it possible to estimate and
computationally propagate the uncertainties of land conditions into the uncertainties of expected cost loss for misallocation
of land repair and restoration; and (4) the loss function, physical threshold, and probability threshold methods led to similar
spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of the land repair categories, however, the loss function increased the land area by
5% to 30% for intense and moderate repairs and decreased the area by 5% to 30% for no repairs and light repairs for most of
the years. This approach provided the potential to improve and automate the existing land rehabilitation and maintenance (LRAM)
system used for the land management of the U.S. Army installations, and it can be applied to the management of other civil
lands and environments. In conclusion, this study overcame the important gaps that exist in the methodological development
and application for simulating land conditions and cumulative impacts due to human activities, and also in the methods for
the allocation of land for repair and restoration. 相似文献
117.
Hartmut Koehler Tobias Frische Ingo Dobner Peter Behrend Maike Schaefer Heidi Taubner Bernd Jastorff Jürgen Warrelmann Ulrich Walter 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(5):291-300
Results of a field experiment (please refer to Warrelmann et al. 2000a) document TNT-degradation and regeneration after the establishment of a phytoremediation. Various approaches are included in a complex monitoring system, which are conducted in the field (nitroaromatics in soil, seepage water, and plants; soil fauna; soil fungi; decomposition) as well as in the lab (a battery of 6 biotests). The data document a high heterogeneity of the TNT-contamination, a rapid initial decrease and a mediocre displacement of nitroaromatics in plants and seepage water. The initial rapid transformation of TNT to aminodinitrotoluenes ceases significantly after 3 months. Results of the biotest battery allow a sophisticated assessment of soil toxicity; the results from the soil ecological field investigations make the long-term effects of TNT-contamination likely. In a third part of the series of articles, a synopsis and judgement of the project will be delivered. 相似文献
118.
Amir H Pakpour Isa Mohammadi Zeidi Mohammad Mahdi Emamjomeh Saeed Asefzadeh Heidi Pearson 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(6):980-986
Understanding the factors influencing recycling behaviour can lead to better and more effective recycling programs in a community. The goal of this study was to examine factors associated with household waste behaviours in the context of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) among a community sample of Iranians that included data collection at time 1 and at follow-up one year later at time 2. Study participants were sampled from households under the coverage of eight urban health centers in the city of Qazvin. Of 2000 invited households, 1782 agreed to participate in the study. A self-reported questionnaire was used for assessing socio-demographic factors and the TPB constructs (i.e. attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and intention). Furthermore, questions regarding moral obligation, self-identity, action planning, and past recycling behaviour were asked, creating an extended TPB. At time 2, participants were asked to complete a follow-up questionnaire on self-reported recycling behaviours. All TPB constructs had positive and significant correlations with each other. Recycling behaviour at time 1 (past behaviour) significantly related to household waste behaviour at time 2. The extended TPB explained 47% of the variance in household waste behaviour at time 2. Attitude, perceived behavioural control, intention, moral obligation, self-identity, action planning, and past recycling behaviour were significant predictors of household waste behaviour at time 2 in all models. The fact that the expanded TPB constructs significantly predicted household waste behaviours holds great promise for developing effective public campaigns and behaviour-changing interventions in a region where overall rates of household waste reduction behaviours are low. Our results indicate that educational materials which target moral obligation and action planning may be particularly effective. 相似文献
119.
We studied the lipid dynamics (lipid contents, classes and fatty acids) during oogenesis and early embryogenesis of 7 viviparous
and 3 oviparous deepwater chondrichthyans. Mature pre-ovulated ovarian follicles of all species were high in lipid content,
indicative of large energetic expenditure and high maternal investment. Larger lipid reserves were found in viviparous dogshark
(28–36% wet weight, ww) compared to oviparous chimaeras (19–24% ww) and catshark, F. boardmani (18% ww). Neutral lipids and monounsaturated fatty acids were the main source of lipidic energy during vitellogenesis and
gestation. For most species, there was a peak in total lipid content, levels of storage lipids and essential fatty acids at
time of ovulation. Interspecific variation of total lipid yolk reserves and lipid class profiles was largely explained by
differences in parity mode, reproductive (continuous vs. non-continuous oocytes development) strategy and depth-related physiological adaptations. Fatty acid profiles were less variable
among species with the most important fatty acids including: 16:0, 18:1ω9, 20:1ω9, 20:4ω6 and 22:6ω3. These findings provide
a greater biochemical understanding of different maternal-embryonic relationships among chondrichthyans, which can be used
as a baseline for subsequent comparative studies. 相似文献