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311.
312.
A. Clyde Hill 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):743-748
The controlled atmosphere aspects of the environmental chambers at the University of Utah are described. Control of wind velocity, CO2, concentration, temperature, relative humidity, and pollutant concentration are discussed. Requirements of our research program dictating the chamber design include: (1) ability to expose plants to air pollutants under the same environmental conditions at different times; (2) ability to simulate field environmental conditions within acceptable limits; (3) ability to study the effects of temperature, light, relative humidity, and wind velocity on response of plants to air pollutants; (4) ability to measure growth suppression, respiration, and transpiration; and (5) ability to measure the pollutant uptake rate of the plants. 相似文献
313.
M. R. Pack A. Clyde Hill 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):166-167
Tests were conducted to determine the limitations of glass fiber filters in sampling atmospheric hydrogen fluoride. Filters without latex binder were more efficient collectors than those with the binder. Up to 75 μg F/in.2 of filter area was collected by a single filter before the loss reached 5 percent. Two filters, one behind the other, collected over 250 μg F/in.2 of filter area before loss through them reached five percent. By controlling the sampling rate and time to avoid exceeding the saturation limit, it is possible to use glass fiber filters for sampling over a wide range of fluoride concentrations. 相似文献
314.
Walter F. McMichael Ronald E. Kruse Donald M. Hill 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):246-248
Road tests have been carried out in five different cities with a fleet of 300 passenger cars consisting of three different makes, half of which are equipped with the 1966 exhaust control devices required by the state of California. The performance of these devices during the first series of tests has been evaluated. All three makes of device-equipped cars produced significantly lower emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide than did similar cars tested in 1962 and 1963. There were no consistent differences among the three makes of cars with respect to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. 相似文献
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The nitroaromatic compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are potential environmental contaminants and their transformations under a variety of environmental conditions are consequently of great interest. One possible method to safely degrade these nitrocompounds is alkaline hydrolysis. A mechanism of the initial stages of this reaction was investigated computationally. Simulations of UV-VIS and NMR spectra for this mechanism were also produced. The results obtained were compared to available experimental data on the alkaline hydrolysis of TNT and suggest that the formation of Meisenheimer complexes and an anion of TNT are potential first-step intermediates in the reaction path. As the reaction proceeds, computational results indicate that polynegative complexes dominate the degradation pathway, followed by cycles of carbon chain opening and breaking. A second possible pathway was identified that leads to polymeric products through Janovsky complex formation. Results from this study indicate that the order of increasing resistance to alkaline hydrolysis is TNT, DNT and DNAN. 相似文献
318.
Antonious G Hill R Ross K Coolong T 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2012,47(5):369-378
Endosulfan 3 EC, a mixture of α- and β-stereo isomers, was sprayed on field-grown pepper, melon, and sweet potato plants at the recommended rate of 0.44 kg A.I. acre(-1). Plant tissue samples (leaves, fruits, or edible roots) were collected 1 h to 30 days following spraying and analyzed for endosulfan isomers (α- and β-isomers). Analysis of samples was accomplished using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a mass detector in total ion mode. The results indicated the formation of endosulfan sulfate as the major metabolite of endosulfan sulfite and the relatively higher persistence of the β-isomers as compared to the α-isomer. The initial total residues (α- and β-isomers plus endosulfan sulfate) were higher on leaves than on fruits. On pepper and melon fruits, the α-isomer, which is the more toxic to mammals, dissipated faster (T(1/2) = 1.22 and 0.95 d, respectively) than the less toxic β-isomer (T(1/2) = 3.0 and 2.5 d, respectively). These results confirm the greater loss of the α-isomer compared to the β-isomer, which can ultimately impact endosulfan dissipation in the environment. Additionally, the higher initial residues of endosulfan on pepper and sweet potato leaves should be considered of great importance for timing field operations and the safe entry of harvesters due to the high mammalian toxicity of endosulfan. 相似文献
319.
Jason Hill Faisal Hossain Amvrossios C. Bagtzoglou 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(12):3721-3729
This paper used ordinary kriging to spatially map arsenic contamination in shallow aquifers of Northwestern Bangladesh (total area 35,000 km2). The Northwestern region was selected because it represents a relatively safer source of large-scale and affordable water supply for the rest of Bangladesh currently faced with extensive arsenic contamination in drinking water (such as the Southern regions). Hence, the work appropriately explored sustainability issues by building upon a previously published study (Hossain et al., 2007; Water Resources Management, vol. 21: 1245–1261) where a more general nation-wide assessment afforded by kriging was identified. The arsenic database for reference comprised the nation-wide survey (of 3534 drinking wells) completed in 1999 by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in collaboration with the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) of Bangladesh. Randomly sampled networks of zones from this reference database were used to develop an empirical variogram and develop maps of zonal arsenic concentration for the Northwestern region. The remaining non-sampled zones from the reference database were used to assess the accuracy of the kriged maps. Two additional criteria were explored: (1) the ability of geostatistical interpolators such as kriging to extrapolate information on spatial structure of arsenic contamination beyond small-scale exploratory domains; (2) the impact of a priori knowledge of anisotropic variability on the effectiveness of geostatistically based management. On the average, the kriging method was found to have a 90% probability of successful prediction of safe zones according to the WHO safe limit of 10 ppb while for the Bangladesh safe limit of 50 ppb, the safe zone prediction probability was 97%. Compared to the previous study by Hossain et al. (2007) over the rest of the contaminated country side, the probability of successful detection of safe zones in the Northwest is observed to be about 25% higher. An a priori knowledge of anisotropy was found to have inconclusive impact on the effectiveness of kriging. It was, however, hypothesized that a preferential sampling strategy that honored anisotropy could be necessary to reach a more definitive conclusion in regards to this issue. 相似文献