关于环保信息系统分级建设

本文归纳了多年来环保信息系统建设的四种模式,并对它们的特点、适用条件及优劣比对作了论述。     

沘江兰坪段生态健康评价指标体系研究

河流是人类文明的发源地。它为人类提供了多样的生态服务,但随着工业文明的发展,大量废水和污染物的排入,河流生态健康受到了严重影响。本文以沘江兰坪段为例,根据整体性原则、层次性原则、可操作性原则和定性与定量结合的原则,参考国内外河流生态健康评价的指标体系,结合沘江具体情况对河流生态健康的评价指标体系进行了探讨。     

基于突变级数法的滑坡稳定性评价

基于突变级数法,建立了滑坡稳定性评价和预测模型。在相关研究的基础上,建立了滑坡稳定性评价指标的递阶层次结构,以滑带强度、滑面特征、滑坡外形特征及其近期活动等4个内部影响因素,以及暴雨作用、河流作用、滑坡后缘加载、人工活动和地震作用等5个外部影响因素,作为滑坡稳定性识别的判别因子;以22组典型滑坡工程案例作为训练样本,建立了滑坡稳定性评价模型和突变级数判据;然后利用6组典型滑坡工程实际案例作为测试样本,检验了模型的可行性和可靠性。研究表明,突变级数法对滑坡稳定性的识别结果与实际情况吻合,并与系统加权聚类分析法、判别分析法等的识别结果一致。     

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase

A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques,including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of 96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.     

铅锌矿区河谷沉积物的磁学特征与重金属污染的关系

以流经中国铅锌矿储量最大的兰坪金顶铅锌矿区的澜沧江支流--沘江的河谷冲积物为研究对象,通过实地调查采样、室内实验测定和统计分析等方法,测定并分析了沘江河谷沉积物的磁化率特征与重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的含量,以探讨矿产开发对河谷沉积物重金属含量的影响,并试图为其监测提供一种简单有效的手段.研究表明:(1)沘江沉积物磁化率因受到兰坪铅锌矿产开发活动的影响表现出明显的分段性,且与重金属污染状况的分段性基本吻合,呈现上游污染段沉积物的重金属含量和磁化率均高于下游的特征,且单因子污染指数较高的河段磁化率也高;(2)回归分析显示,沉积物磁化率与重金属含量显著相关;(3)可以利用磁性测试监测矿区河流沉积物的重金属污染状况.     

内蒙古草地NPP变化及其对气候的响应

植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)是衡量植物群落在自然环境条件下生产能力的重要指标,NPP的变化直接反映了生态系统对环境气候条件的响应,因此可以作为生态系统功能对气候变化响应的研究指标.本文利用卫星遥感资料和地面气象观测资料,利用光能利用率模型估算了内蒙古地区1982-2003年4-10月草地NPP,并计算了与NPP密切相关的几个气候因子,分析了1982-2003年内蒙古地区草地NPP年际性变化规律、气候因子的年际变化规律,以及草地NPP对主要气候因子的响应关系.结果表明:1982-2003年内蒙古草地生长季的NPP呈波动中增加趋势,NPP的年平均递增率为C0.0036 g·m-2·Gr-1;草地NPP的空间分布与生物温度(BT)及可能蒸散率(PER)呈显著负相关,与降雨量(RAIN)、湿润度(K)及实际蒸散(AE)呈极显著正相关.内蒙古地区,草地NPP受降雨量(RAIN)及生物温度(BT)的影响较大.但NPP的变化受RAIN的影响更为明显;内蒙古地区不同草地类型的NPP变化对气候因子的响应略有不同.     

Optimizing Li2O-2B2O3 coating layer on LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

ABSTRACT

In this paper, a wet chemical method is used to coat LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811) cathode material by Li₂O-2B₂O₃ (LBO) layer for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). For performance optimization, the effects of different contents (thicknesses) of LBO coating layers on NCM811 particle surface on the morphologies, structures, compositions, and electrochemical properties of the corresponding LIBs are studied using XRD, SEM, TEM, and electrochemical measurements. Coin LIBs are assembled with such coated NCM811 cathode materials for performance validation. Results show that LBO coating layer does not change the original lattice structure of the bulk material, it can only adhere to the surface of the bulk material. After coating, NCM811 shows a good crystallinity and the ordered layered structure. TEM images show that the thickness of LBO coating is increased with increasing LBO content, and that the appropriate LBO coating thickness and uniform coating state are conducive to the improvement of the electrochemical properties of NCM811 cathode materials. Particularly, NCM811 with LBO coating content of 1000 ppm shows the best performance compared to other coating contents. In this case, the coating thickness is relatively uniform, which is about 40～100 nm, giving a good first charge-discharge capacity of 214.1mAh/g, and a high Coulomb efficiency of 90.06%. After 50 cycles, the capacity retention rate of LIBs still keeps as high as 99.64%. Therefore, LBO coating can improve the performance of NCM811 and then the lithium-ion batteries.     

粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫

开发了粗媒体颗粒流化床半干法烟气脱硫技术.在流化床内加入惰性粗媒体颗粒,改善脱硫剂与烟气的接触,延长脱硫剂在床内的停留时间,促进脱硫反应进行,提高脱硫效率和脱硫剂利用率.以工业用石灰石为脱硫剂,实验研究了粗媒体颗粒的加入量及其他操作条件对此过程脱硫效率的影响.结果表明:随着粗媒体颗粒粒径减小及床内加入量增加,烟气脱硫效率提高;随着Ca/S增大、饱和接近度降低、空速及脱硫剂颗粒粒径减小,脱硫效率提高.当粗媒体颗粒的静止床高为122 mm,饱和接近度为15～18℃、空速为2850 h-1、钙硫比为1.0～1.1、脱硫剂粒径为64μm时,脱硫效率可达90%以上.     

Soil water content forecasting by ANN and SVM hybrid architecture

Soil water content prediction is essential to the development of advanced agriculture information systems. Because soil water content series are inherently noise and non-stationary, it is difficult to get an accurate forecasting result. Considering the problems, in this paper, a novel hybrid learning architecture is proposed according to divide-and-conquer principle, the forecasting accuracy is improved. This novel hierarchical architecture is composed of ANN (Kohonen neural network) and SVM (support vector machine). The Kohonen network is used as a classifier, which partitions the whole input space into several distinct feature regions. Then, the best SVM predictor combined with an appropriate kernel function can be achieved for correspondence regions. The experimental results based on the hybrid model exhibit good agreement with actual soil water content measurements and outperform ANN and SVM single-stage models.     

Kinetic and isotherms studies of phosphorus adsorption onto natural riparian wetland sediments: linear and non-linear methods

Riparian wetlands provide critical functions for the improvement of surface water quality and storage of nutrients. Correspondingly, investigation of the adsorption characteristic and capacity of nutrients onto its sediments is benefit for utilizing and protecting the ecosystem services provided by riparian areas. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were applied by using both linear least-squares and trial-and-error non-linear regression methods based on the batch experiments data. The results indicated that the transformations of non-linear isotherms to linear forms would affect the determination process significantly, but the non-linear regression method could prevent such errors. Non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms both fitted well with the phosphorus adsorption process (r ²?>?0.94). Moreover, the influences of temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption of phosphorus onto natural riparian wetland sediments were also studied. Higher temperatures were suitable for phosphorus uptake from aqueous solution using the present riparian wetland sediments. The adsorption capacity increased with the enhancement of ionic strength in agreement with the formation of inner-sphere complexes. The quick adsorption of phosphorus by the sediments mainly occurred within 10 min. The adsorption kinetic was well-fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model (r ²?>?0.99). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra analyses before and after phosphorus adsorption revealed the main adsorption mechanisms in the present system.