Nanoparticle-free and self-healing amphiphobic membrane for anti-surfactant-wetting membrane distillation

In membrane distillation (MD), complicated feed water with amphiphilic contaminants induces fouling/wetting of the MD membrane and can even lead to process failure. This study reports a facile approach to fabricate robust and self-healing hybrid amphiphobic membranes for anti-surfactant-wetting MD based on the ultra-low surface energy of fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (F-POSS) and its thermal induced motivation and rotation. The thermal treatment makes the membranes achieving amphiphobicity at a very low cost of F-POSS (13.04 wt.%), which is about 1/3 of without thermal treatment. The prepared membrane exhibits excellent amphiphobicity, i.e. ethanol contact angle of 120.3°, without using environmentally toxic fluorinated nanoparticles. Robust MD performance was observed for the amphiphobic membrane in concentrated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) feed solutions. Furthermore, the fabricated membrane exhibited stable amphiphobicity even in extreme environments, including strong acid or alkaline solutions. In the event of a damaged or abraded membrane surface where the F-POSS can be removed, the amphiphobic membrane exhibits self-healing ability with additional thermal treatment. This simple approach without the use of nanoparticles provides an environmentally friendly way for fabrication of amphiphobic membranes for anti-surfactant-wetting membrane distillation.     

基于DALYs的北京市大气PM2.5载带苯并[a]芘疾病负旦研究

苯并[a]芘(BaP)是一类兼具强致癌性和非致癌毒性的物质,可随PM_(2.5)经呼吸途径进入人体而威胁健康.本文采集2016年北京城区监测点PM_(2.5)样品并采用气相色谱质谱联用仪测定其载带BaP浓度.通过BaP的流行病学及动物毒理学数据的检索和分析,确定BaP呼吸暴露的致癌和非致癌毒效应评价终点及其剂量效应关系.运用伤残调整生命年(DALYs)指标估算了呼吸途径人群PM_(2.5)载带BaP暴露导致的疾病负担.结果显示北京市BaP导致总疾病负担为431.36 DALYs·a~(-1),每千人DALYs为0.03 a~(-1).其中非致癌效应的疾病负担为1.98 DALYs·a~(-1),致癌效应为429.39 DALYs·a~(-1).不同毒效应的疾病负担排序为:癌症(99.54%)发育毒性(0.41%)生殖毒性(0.04%).不同季节的疾病负担贡献差异较大.北京市BaP暴露导致疾病负担的主要贡献季节为冬季,疾病负担贡献的顺序为冬季(88.01%)秋季(4.91%)春季(4.34%)夏季(2.74%).     

Assessing effects of digital elevation model resolutions on soil–landscape correlations in a hilly area

The effect of different grid sizes of digital elevation models (DEMs) on the relationship between soil properties and terrain attributes was examined by comparing six DEMs (4, 6, 8, 10, 20 and 30 m). The study site was representative of a broad region of hilly landscapes in the southwestern China. The results showed that elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI), slope and natural logarithm of specific catchment area (SCA) varied with DEM grid size in a relatively clear direction except aspect and plan curvature. Different soil–landscape relationships were found across various DEM resolutions. The observations from this study indicate that the most accurate predict model is not always produced by the highest resolution DEM. The knowledge of which DEM resolution produces an appropriate model for a particular landscape can be used as a guideline for optimizing field sample strategies.     

Regulating non-precious transition metal nitrides bifunctional electrocatalysts through surface/interface nanoengineering for air-cathodes of Zn-air batteries

Zn-air batteries (ZABs), especially the secondary batteries, have engrossed a great interest because of its high specific energy, economical and high safety. However, due to the insufficient activity and stability of bifunctional electrocatalysts for air-cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, the practical application of rechargeable ZABs is seriously hindered. In the effort of developing high active, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been regarded as the candidates due to their high conductivity, strong corrosion-resistance, and bifunctional catalytic performance. In this paper, the research progress in TMNs-based material as ORR and OER electrocatalysts for ZABs is discussed with respect to their synthesis, chemical/physical characterization, and performance validation/optimization. The surface/interface nanoengineering strategies such as defect engineering, support binding, heteroatom introduction, crystal plane orientation, interface construction and small size effect, the physical and chemical properties of TMNs-based electrocatalysts are emphasized with respect to their structures/morphologies, composition, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, chemical stability and corrosion resistance. The challenges of TMNs-based materials as bifunctional air-cathode electrocatalysts in practical application are evaluated, and numerous research guidelines to solve these problems are put forward for facilitating further research and development.     

·Cl引发α-蒎烯的大气氧化机制及动力学

α-蒎烯是大气中含量最丰富的单萜烯类挥发性有机化合物,与氯自由基（·Cl）反应是其重要的转化途径.然而,·Cl引发α-蒎烯大气氧化的分子机制尚不清楚.本研究采用量子化学计算与微观动力学模拟相结合的方法,研究了·Cl与α-蒎烯的引发反应以及引发反应生成的主要α-蒎烯自由基的后续转化机制与动力学.结果发现,·Cl反式加成到α-蒎烯的C₂位置生成加成中间体IM_1-9-a是最可行的反应途径.在298 K和1.013×10⁵ Pa条件下,计算得到·Cl与α-蒎烯的反应速率常数（k_Cl）为3.1×10^-10 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1,与k_Cl的实验值（4.6±1.3）×10^-10 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1一致.生成的IM_1-9-a进一步与O₂反应生成过氧自由基IM_3-1-a,在2.5×10⁹ cm^-3（100 ppt） NO和1.25×10⁹ cm^-3（50 ppt） HO₂·条件下,IM_3-1-a后续主要与NO和HO₂·反应生成有机硝酸酯（C₁₀H₁₆ClNO₃和C₁₀H₁₆ClNO₄）、氢过氧化物（C₁₀H₁₇ClO₂和C₁₀H₁₇ClO₃）和烷氧自由基（C₁₀H₁₆ClO₂·）.生成的 闭壳层产物与母体α-蒎烯相比具有较高的O∶C比,可能具有较低的蒸气压,进而贡献二次有机气溶胶.本研究结果可为全面评价α-蒎烯的 大气化学反应对大气质量的影响提供理论支撑.     

·Cl引发3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物的大气转化机制及动力学

氯自由基(·Cl)的高氧化性及其内陆来源的新发现使得·Cl在评估有机污染物的大气归趋方面起着比以往更为重要的作用。含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构的有机化合物不仅是大气中一类潜在的有机污染物,也是大气中致癌性亚硝胺的前驱体—N中心自由基的重要来源。前人研究发现,·Cl与含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构的有机化合物具有独特的相互作用且其反应具有结构依赖性。目前,大多数研究只关注链状含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物的反应,而对于环状含有NH结构有机化合物的反应研究却很少。本研究使用量子化学和动力学模拟相结合的方法研究·Cl引发3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物(吗啉(MOR)、哌啶(PIP)和吡咯烷(PYR))的大气转化机制及动力学。结果发现,·Cl夺取3种环状含有NH结构有机化合物中N—H的H原子形成N中心自由基是最可行的反应路径。在298 K和1 atm下,计算的反应速率常数分别为5.0!10-10(MOR)、5.1!10-10(PIP)和4.9!10-10(PYR) cm~3·molecule-1·s-1,且具有正的温度依附性。结合可获得的·OH引发反应的反应速率常数,评估·Cl对MOR和PIP转化的贡献分别为·OH的2.6%～26%和6.9%～69%。上述研究结果为将来建立·Cl引发含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物反应的结构-活性关系、全面评估含有NH_x(x=1,2)结构有机化合物的大气归趋和环境风险提供数据支持。     

改进WQI在川中丘陵地区典型流域水质评价中的应用——以琼江流域上游段为例

水质指数(WQI)克服了传统水质评价方法无法同时满足定性评价与定量评价的缺点,但其所需指标较多,无法做到广泛运用.以琼江流域上游段为川中丘陵地区典型流域的代表,对其2018—2019年水质监测数据进行多元线性逐步回归分析,从25个水质指标中筛选出氨氮(NH3-N)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、溶解...     

·Cl引发萘的大气氧化机制及动力学

氯自由基(·Cl)内陆来源的新发现增强了其对转化大气有机污染物的贡献,因此,需要更深入地研究·Cl引发有机污染物的转化机制和动力学.萘(Nap)是一种重要的化学品,也是城市大气浓度最高的多环芳烃,前人针对羟基自由基(·OH)引发Nap的大气氧化开展了研究.然而,目前对于·Cl引发Nap的大气氧化机制还不清楚.本研究通过量子化学计算(ωB97XD/6-311++G(3 df,2pd)//ωB97XD/6-31 +G(d,p))和动力学模拟相结合的方法研究了·Cl引发Nap的大气氧化机制与动力学,发现·Cl主要加成到Nap分子的C5位置,形成加成中间体·C10H8Cl(R1).随后,O2加成到R1的C2和C6位置生成过氧自由基(RO2·)R1-2OO-s/a和R1-6OO-s/a(s/a=syn/anti,syn表示O2加成方向和·C1加成方向相同,anti表示O2加成方向和·C1加成方向相反).这4种RO2·的环化、氢迁移和氯迁移反应均很难(能垒＞20 kcal· mol-1)发生.因此,在低NO浓度条件下,RO2·主要和HO2·反应生成氢过氧化合物(QOOH)和烷氧自由基(RO ·)R1-2O-s/a和R1-6O-s/a;在高NO浓度条件下,RO2·将主要与NO反应生成RO· (R1-2O-s/a和R1-6O-s/a)和有机硝酸酯(C10 H8 ClNO3).生成的RO·进一步通过单分子环化反应生成双环产物R1-21O-s/a和R1-61O-s/a.重要的是,生成的有机氢过氧化合物和有机硝酸酯的水生毒性比其母体化合物Nap更强,表明·Cl引发Nap反应增加了Nap释放的环境风险.揭示的机制对理解大气Nap化学及Nap释放导致的环境风险具有重要意义.     

基于Profibus-DP的废钢破碎线控制系统设计与实现

江苏鼎豪再生资源设备有限公司2012年成功开发了大型废钢破碎线,采用PLC并基于Profibus-DP总线构成监督控制与采集（SCADA）系统。用模糊控制思想实现了破碎机的自动加料控制,并采用组态软件WINCC开发了操作、监控界面,在控制室实现了对整条破碎生产线进行控制与监控。     

宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮磷流失特征初探

在宁夏引黄灌区选择相对封闭灌排体系作为试验监测区,通过2年在作物灌溉期间对试验监测区的灌排水中氮磷的跟踪监测,研究了该区域氮、磷流失,分析了支渠灌溉水、支沟排水中的氮磷动态变化规律。研究表明：2006年种稻区的氮磷流失明显高于2007年的稻旱区,稻区氮的流失负荷15.2kg·hm-2,磷的流失负荷6.9kg·hm-2;稻区比稻旱区氮磷流失严重,稻区总氮变幅在0.32～8.22mg·L-1,总磷变幅在0.012～0.921mg·L-1,均超过水体富营养化指标;稻区支沟排水中氮磷组分变化与稻旱区一致,氮都是以硝态氮为主,磷以溶解性总磷和颗粒磷为主,支沟排水中的硝态氮动态变化与总氮变化一致,颗粒磷与总磷动态变化一致,均为前期颗粒磷含量较高,中后期较低,可溶性总磷与之相反;灌溉前期支沟排水中氮磷流失严重的几个时期,均是在各种作物施肥7～10d后,尤其氮、硝态氮流失严重,后期支沟排水中氮磷流失是由于传统的不合理的灌溉形成的地表径流,将灌溉水养分含量迁移到排水中,造成支沟排水氮磷流失加重。结合宁夏引黄灌区的自然条件、耕作方式等因素,综合分析了宁夏引黄灌区在作物灌溉期间非点源污染产生过程及污染特点,为该地区非点源污染管理和控制提供科学依据。