滤池滤料上细菌数的预处理方法优化

为优化生物活性炭滤池活性炭上细菌数的流式细胞术定量分析的预处理方法,本研究考察了4种物理预处理方式（机械振荡、低能量超声、高能量超声、机械振荡耦合高能量超声）以及4种化学预处理方式（含10%的柠檬酸（Citric Acid,CA）和2.5%的羟基乙酸（Glycolic acid,GA）混合液（CA+GA）、溶菌酶、吐温20、乙二胺四乙酸）对流式细胞术测定活性炭滤料上细菌数的影响,结果表明,在无菌超纯水为提取液时,机械振荡耦合高能量超声预处理后测定的细菌数最高（9.7（±1.2）×10⁷ cells·g^-1（以WW活性炭计,下同））,是最佳的物理预处理方式.0.1% CA+GA为最优的化学分散剂,耦合机械振荡与1次高能量超声预处理后细胞累积回收率较空白组（无菌超纯水）提高了21%±17%,其活细菌数也最高（约1.0×10⁷ cells·g^-1）;耦合机械振荡与3次高能量超声预处理后,分离的生物膜细菌量最高（1.5（±0.2）×10⁸ cells·g^-1）,证明0.1% CA+GA耦合机械振荡与3次高能量超声是利用流式细胞术测定活性炭生物膜的细菌数的最佳预处理方式.     

海洋微生物胞外分泌物(EPS)对船用结构钢腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究微生物活性与船用钢DH32腐蚀行为之间的关系,并通过胞外分泌物的提取,研究分泌物浓度对材料腐蚀性能的影响。方法通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT–IR)分析胞外分泌物的组成,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)分析金属离子的含量,并使用用原子力显微镜(AFM)观测去除腐蚀产物后的表面形貌。结果通过电化学阻抗谱的拟合分析,短期内,EPS通过阻碍溶解氧的扩散抑制腐蚀速度,EPS浓度越高,效果越好,即实验初期试样腐蚀的速度与EPS浓度成反比。随着时间的延长,EPS浓度低的溶液中,其EPS络合金属离子的能力很快达到饱和,所以尽管其络合行为能促进试样的阳极溶解,但影响作用有限,此时起到主要影响的还是EPS抑制溶解氧扩散。对于浓度高的EPS溶液,其过量的EPS会促进EPS的官能团与材料表面更多的Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)离子键合,使得沉积的EPS保护层变得疏松失去隔离溶解氧的作用,进而加速试样腐蚀。结论海洋微生物胞外分泌物对船用钢腐蚀行为的影响与胞外分泌物的结构与浓度有关,随着浓度升高,EPS从抑制腐蚀变为加速腐蚀。     

延长缺氧水力停留时间对A-AAO工艺氮磷去除影响的研究

相比传统厌氧-缺氧-好氧(简称AAO)脱氮除磷工艺,改良AAO工艺(定义为A-AAO)增加了回流污泥的硝酸盐反硝化区并对进水多点分配,氮磷去除能力得到显著提高。为进一步优化A-AAO的除污染能力,本研究以A-AAO工艺后2部分缺氧和好氧段(AO段)为对象,研究AO段水力停留时间改变对A-AAO工艺脱氮除磷的影响。试验采用两套小试规模A-AAO工艺(定义为1#和2#反应器)开展研究,1#反应器缺氧段及好氧段停留时间分别为5.5 h和10 h,2#反应器缺氧段及好氧段停留时间分别为2.5 h和13 h。研究结果表明:总停留时间不变,缩短好氧停留时间而延长缺氧停留时间有助于氮磷的去除。1#和2#反应器总氮和总磷平均去除率分别为61.36%、57.08%和85.72%、82.0%。     

农业非点源污染研究方法分析

非点源污染受到人们越来越多的重视,尤以农业非点源污染为重。该文在对农业非点源污染的来源、特征介绍的基础上,对国内外农业非点源污染负荷模拟模型进行了梳理,根据国内学者对入河系数、农田种植、畜禽养殖和农村生活等方面的研究做了概述,并在流域监测、3S技术、污染源区识别以及多领域结合等方面对整个农业非点源污染负荷的研究进行了建议和展望,最后对该文所述进行了总结。     

荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化

以硫化钠为硫化剂,机械化学硫化荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅,实现金属铅向硫化铅快速转化.通过单因素实验,考察了不同机械化学硫化条件,即球磨时间、球磨转速和球料比对硫化率的影响,并通过XRD、SEM和粒度对硫化产物进行表征.结果表明,硫化率随球磨时间和球磨转速的增大而增大,随球料比的增大先增大后减小,当球磨转速为750r/min、球磨时间为120min、球料比为50：1g/g时,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的硫化率可达96.18%.XRD结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化产物为PbS、SEM和粒度结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃的粒径随球磨转速和球磨时间的增加而减小.     

天津冬季一次污染过程中NOx和O3的立体分布特征

由于大气是一个复杂介质,低层大气中湍流的存在使物质和能量的交换很剧烈,污染物的扩散传输现象明显.对不同高度不同区域的低层大气做立体观测,获取气态污染物浓度分布最直接的资料很有必要.综合利用地面观测站点、系留气球和飞机平台,于2016年11月25—26日在天津武清高村一次污染天气条件下对NO_x和O₃进行立体观测,得到了污染物的地面、垂直和低空区域分布特征,并结合气象因子进行分析研究.观测结果表明,地面$\varphi $（NO_x）水平较高,日均值为230×10-9,超过了GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的限值,反映了高村冬季较高的污染水平,主要受当地交通源排放的影响.$\varphi $（NO_x）随高度的上升呈下降趋势,受风速的影响明显,主要积聚在逆温层以下.低空$\varphi $（NO_x）市区高于郊区,而处于更远郊区的高村$\varphi $（NO_x）与市区相当,也反映了高村本地较高的NO_x污染.高村地面$\varphi $（O₃）低,日最大8 h平均值为8×10-9,反映了冬季低温辐射弱、光化学反应强度低的特点.随高度增加$\varphi $（O₃）呈上升趋势,垂直分布特征主要与温度层结有关.低空$\varphi $（O₃）呈郊区高于市区,高村（远郊区）高于近郊区的特征.研究显示,$\varphi $（NO_x）的升高导致$\varphi $（O₃）下降,这可能与高村冬季的$\varphi $（VOCs）/$\varphi $（NO_x）偏低有关,需要结合VOCs观测数据做进一步分析.      

十堰市城区冬季PM2.5污染特征与来源解析

为探讨内陆山区城市湖北省十堰市冬季PM_2.5污染特征及来源构成,于2016年1月12日—2月4日在4个采样点位同步采集PM_2.5样品,分析了无机元素、水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度.并采集了十堰市主城区城市扬尘、裸露山体尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤源、机动车尾气、工业源及餐饮油烟源等7类污染源,初步建立十堰市本地的污染源成分谱库,利用统计学方法研究冬季PM_2.5的污染特征,并采用CMB受体模型及“二重源解析技术”分析其来源构成.结果表明:冬季采样期间,十堰市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值达到110.65 μg/m3,超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准24 h浓度限值,并且随空气RH（相对湿度）增加污染加重.城区3个采样点PM_2.5化学组成及特征的空间差异不明显.PM_2.5中ρ（TC）最高,其次是ρ（NO₃-）和ρ（SO₄2-）,与二次反应、机动车尾气、煤燃烧等密切相关.ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）为1.22,说明机动车尾气的影响较大.二次粒子、燃煤源和机动车尾气是十堰市城区冬季大气PM_2.5的主要来源,贡献率分别为51.2%、10.9%和10.1%.研究显示,十堰市城区冬季ρ（PM_2.5）超过GB 3095—2012二级标准,PM_2.5的污染控制应以二次粒子、燃煤和机动车为主,采取多源控制原则.      

Effect of sulfur source on photocatalytic degradation performance of CdS/MoS2 prepared with one-step hydrothermal synthesis

Cd S/Mo S_2,an extremely efficient photocatalyst,has been extensively used in hydrogen photoproduction and pollutant degradation.Cd S/Mo S_2can be synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process.However,the effect of the sulfur source on the synthesis of Cd S/Mo S_2via one-step hydrothermal methods has seldom been investigated.We report herein a series of one-step hydrothermal preparations of Cd S/Mo S_2using three different sulfur sources:thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea.The results revealed that the sulfur source strongly affected the crystallization,morphology,elemental composition and ultraviolet(UV)–visible-light-absorption ability of the Cd S/Mo S_2.Among the investigated sulfur sources,thioacetamide provided the highest visible-light absorption ability for Cd S/Mo S_2,with the smallest average particle size and largest surface area,resulting in the highest efficiency in Methylene Blue(MB)degradation.The photocatalytic activity of Cd S/Mo S_2synthesized from the three sulfur sources can be arranged in the following order:thioacetamideL-cysteinethiourea.The reaction rate constants(k)for thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea were estimated to be 0.0197,0.0140,and 0.0084 min~(-1),respectively.However,thioacetamide may be limited in practical application in terms of its price and toxicity,while L-cysteine is relatively economical,less toxic and exhibited good photocatalytic degradation performance toward MB.     

Comparative study of carbonic anhydrase activity in waters among different geological eco-environments of Yangtze River basin and its ecological significance

This study provides the presence of carbonic anhydrase(CA) activity in waters of the Yangtze River basin, China, as well as the correlation of CA activity with HCO-3 concentration and CO_2 sink flux. Different degrees of CA activity could be detected in almost all of the water samples from different geological eco-environments in all four seasons. The CA activity of water samples from karst areas was significantly higher than from non-karst areas(PP3-concentration(r = 0.672, P2 sink flux(r = 0.602, P = 0.076) in karst areas. This suggests that CA in waters might have a promoting effect on carbon sinks for atmospheric CO_2 in karst river basins. In conditions of similar geological type, higher CA activity was generally detected in water samples taken from areas that exhibited better eco-environments, implying that the CA activity index of waters could be used as an indicator for monitoring ecological environments and protection of river basins. These findings suggest that the role of CA in waters in the karst carbon sink potential of river basins is worthy of further in-depth studies.     

Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk(10-5–10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.