要加快国产柴油车技术改造

介绍了柴油车在发达国家使用情况，分析了在我国发展中存在的问题，提出了发展现代柴油车的建议。     

长江三角洲地区城镇扩展、开发区设置遥感解译

长江三角洲地区开发区的设置同城市扩展紧密相联，１９８５年以来掀起了办开发区热。通过遥感信息的解译，获取了城镇扩展和开发区的设置的数据，至１９９３年下半年，经过调整，开发区走上了稳步、健康发展的轨道，成为经济发展的“窗口”与“示范”。     

Effect analysis of carbon trading on Economy-Energy-Environment system and calculation of reasonable carbon price intervals

This paper constructs a 4-lier computable general equilibrium model which includes such modules as modeling carbon emission constraints and carbon trading(CT),and incorporates the cost of carbon emissions into constant elasticity of substitute production function.Under scenario settings under different carbon abatement targets,based on 2007 national social accounting matrix and related statistical data about energy consumption and carbon emission,effects on economic outputs,energy consumption,and carbon abatement are estimated and analyzed at both macro and sector level.By calculating selected novel indicators that compromise between macroeconomic opportunity cost and achievable carbon abatement,reasonable carbon price intervals are given for enhancing the robustness and liquidity of carbon market.Further,by decomposition and share-weighted methods,expected carbon abatement and energy price are measured and analyzed in details.Some results are meaningful for fundamental design of the future carbon market.Given constant energy utilization and carbon abatement technologies at the macro level,the higher the carbon price the more actual carbon abatement;the more gross domestic product loss,the less energy consumption.Accwding to the overall situation estimated for 2007 in China,the advice given is to introduce a carbon abatement target rate(R_c)of-10%,which is helpful to make carbon market stable against unexpected carbon price shocks between[6.9,35]/tC with less economic loss.According to Kaya decomposition,after introduction of carbon pricing,carbon abatement is mainly contributed by the effects of energy intensity(EI)and technical progress.Further,CT may help reduce energy consumption and induce transformation to a low-carbon energy structure.At the sector level,the introduction of CT could induce economic recession in all sectors,especially energy.However,the overall economic structure remains unchanged to some extent.CT will help reduce energy consumption in all sectors,especially energy.Overall utilization costs of the energy composite can be divided in two,market price and carbonrelated costs.Carbon-related costs mainly contribute to variation in the utilization cos of the energy composite;carbon pricing may help non-energy sectors achieve sufficient carbon abatement by pushing up energy utilization cost.However,despite achievable carbon abatement by the energy sector being relatively high,induced by carbon pricing,there is still significant potential for other incentive policies to stimulate further abatement,such as energy resources taxation and transportation fuel taxation,especially in the sectors of coal and transportation.Finally,some advice is proposed in regard to policy decisions and further research.     

Mechanism and kinetic properties of NO3-initiated atmospheric degradation of DDT

In this article, the NO3 radical-initiated atmospheric oxidation degradation of DDT was theoretically investigated using molecular orbital theory calculations. All the calculations of intermediates, transition states and products were performed at the MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Several energetically favorable reaction pathways were revealed. The formation mechanisms of secondary pollutants were presented and discussed. The rate constants were deduced over the temperature range of 273–333 K using canonical variational transition-state(CVT) theory with the small curvature tunneling(SCT) method. Our study shows that H abstraction from the alkyl group and NO3 addition to the C3 atom of the benzene ring are the dominant reaction pathways. The rate-temperature formula of the overall rate constants is k(T)(DDT+NO3) =(7.21 × 10.15)exp(–153.81/T) cm3/(mol·sec) over the possible atmospheric temperature range of 273–333 K. The atmospheric lifetime of DDT determined by NO3 radical is about 52.5 days, which indicates that it can be degraded in the gas phase within several months.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境空气中的镉

建立了过氯乙烯滤膜采集环境空气中镉,微波消解滤膜、硝酸镁溶液作为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镉的方法。本方法前处理操作过程简单、省时、酸用量少、环境污染小,方法的灵敏度和准确度都有很大的提高。当采样体积为6000L,镉的最低检出质量浓度为0．0008mg／m^3。     

绿色农业产地环境的生态补偿政策绩效评价

安全的产地环境为绿色农产品生产和绿色农业可持续发展奠定了良好的物质基础,是保证消费者食品安全的源头。农业生态补偿是通过综合利用行政、法律、经济等手段,对造成农业生态环境污染、农业生态破坏的个人和组织的负外部性行为进行收费(税),对恢复、维持和增强农业生态系统服务功能做出贡献的个人和组织的正外部性行为给予经济补偿的一种制度。为了了解区域绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策的实施效果,本文以武汉市重要的农产品生产和供应基地东西湖区为例,运用层次分析法与模糊综合分析法,以生态价值、经济价值和社会价值为价值取向,构建了包括职能指标、效益指标、潜力指标3个一级指标,10个二级指标和39个三级指标体系,对东西湖区农业生态补偿政策实施绩效进行评价。评价结果表明,东西湖区在实施绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策前后效益变化分值差都在30以上,最低变化值为31.42,最高变化值为59.75。其中,政策目的设计、政策战略规划、政策反馈指标、经济效益、生态效益、社会效益和行政组织建设等方面的变化值都在50以上,政策实施管理指标、资源利用、农业生态补偿技术的变化值都在30以上。由此可以看出,绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策发挥了一定的作用,但还有进一步提升空间。为此,要加强绿色农业产地环境生态补偿政策实施管理,提高绿色农业产地环境生态资本利用效率,提升绿色农业产地环境生态补偿技术水平。     

多级A/O工艺强化处理城市污水的效果研究

以宜兴市某城市污水厂多级A/O工艺的运行监测数据为依据,分析了该工艺对宜兴城市污水中主要污染物和遗传毒性的去除效果.结果表明,多级A/O单元对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为:(67.3±7.0)%、(93.7±1.5)%、(65.3±7.9)%、(60.0±18.7)%,在整个工艺流程中对各常规污染物指标的去除起到了绝对主导作用;对污水中的烷烃、卤代烃、醇类去除效果较好,对污水中主要含有的荧光物质(芳香族蛋白质类似物)去除效果不理想;对污水中SOS/umu遗传毒性的去除率为82.8%.多级A/O工艺处理宜兴城市污水的主要问题是有机负荷低、单点进水和碳源单点投加效果不理想,以致后段A/O并没有充分发挥其强化去除优势,建议改为多点进水,调整碳源投加点.研究结果可为同类污水厂运行效果评价提供依据,也为提高该污水厂的运行效率提供技术支持.     

缙云山不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体中活性有机碳分布特征

于缙云山阳坡同一海拔高度处选择了亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、荒地、坡耕地和果园4种土地利用方式,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内每隔10 cm采集一个土壤样品,测定大团聚体(2 mm)、中间团聚体(0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)以及粉+黏团聚体(0.053 mm)这4种粒径团聚体内的土壤活性有机碳(labile organic carbon,LOC)的含量,分析缙云山不同土地利用方式对团聚体LOC的影响.结果表明,各粒径团聚体中LOC含量均随土壤深度的增加而显著降低,呈现出明显的垂直递减性;在0~60 cm土壤深度的各土层上,基本上均表现为林地和撂荒地各粒径团聚体中LOC含量高于坡耕地和果园.采用土壤等质量方法计算LOC储量,显示大团聚体LOC储量为林地(3.68 Mg·hm-2)撂荒地(1.73 Mg·hm-2)果园(1.43 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(0.54 Mg·hm-2);中间和微团聚体LOC储量为撂荒地(7.77 Mg·hm-2和5.01 Mg·hm-2)林地(4.96 Mg·hm-2和2.71 Mg·hm-2)果园(3.55 Mg·hm-2和2.10 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(1.68 Mg·hm-2和1.35 Mg·hm-2);粉+黏团聚体LOC储量为撂荒地(4.32 Mg·hm-2)果园(4.00 Mg·hm-2)林地(3.22 Mg·hm-2)坡耕地(2.37Mg·hm-2).除粉+黏团聚体LOC储量略低于果园外,林地和撂荒地其他粒径团聚体LOC储量均高于果园和坡耕地,表明林地开垦为果园和坡耕地会导致LOC的降低,而坡耕地撂荒则会促进LOC的增加.林地和荒地LOC主要分布在中间团聚体,而果园和坡耕地则为粉+黏团聚体内LOC储量最高,表明在土地利用的转变过程中,粒径较大的团聚体更容易积累或损失LOC.4种土地方式下各粒径团聚体中LOC分配比例随土壤深度的增加而降低,果园和坡耕地各粒径团聚体内LOC分配比例略高于林地和撂荒地,表明林地和撂荒地土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)性质更稳定,更有利于碳在土壤中的留存,从而减少SOC矿化分解向大气的释放.相关分析表明,土壤团聚体LOC含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系,表明团聚体LOC可以作为衡量西南地区山地土壤团聚体有机碳动态的一个敏感性指标.     

基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价

为评价天津市饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,探索地理信息系统(GIS)在饮用水安全保障方面的应用,本研究采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对天津市401个饮用水监测点的850份水样的水质检测结果进行健康风险评价,同时结合GIS进行信息可视化展示和风险因子探索.结果表明,天津市饮用水水质致癌物健康风险、非致癌物健康风险和总健康风险分别为3.83×10~(~(-5))、5.62×10-9和3.83×10~(-5).按健康风险排序:致癌物非致癌物,致癌物的健康风险为市区新区郊区,铬(六价)镉砷三氯甲烷四氯化碳,非致癌物的健康风险为郊区新区市区,氟化物氰化物铅硝酸盐.天津市饮用水个人年健康总风险小于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10~(-5)),但处于在US EPA推荐的可接受风险限值(1.0×10~(-4)~1.0×10~(-6))之间,初步认为该市饮用水健康风险处于可接受水平,不会对人体产生明显的健康危害.主要健康风险来源于致癌物.致癌物应优先控制铬(六价),非致癌物应优先控制氟化物.GIS能较好地应用于饮用水健康风险评价信息的可视化和进一步的风险因子探索.     

资源/环境效率分析在区域产业发展规划环境影响评价中的应用——以某区域能源开发利用规划环评为例

对于工业发展规划环评,其重要内容之一在于分别论述规划的产业结构、规模、布局的环境合理性,从而筛选出最优规划方案或对规划方案提出合理的调整建议。资源/环境效率分析是对区域资源承载力、环境容量及经济发展指标的有效结合。本文介绍了该方法的概念、工作程序、应用实例、应用注意事项及局限性。该方法能够评价规划产业结构在既定经济目标前提下的环境可行性,同时,对于环境不可行的规划产业结构,该方法能提出合理的调整建议。